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Unit 12

Conic Sections

Conic Sections
(1) Circle
A circle is formed when

i.e. when the plane is


perpendicular to the
axis of the cones.

Conic Sections
(2) Ellipse
An ellipse is formed when

i.e. when the plane cuts


only one of the cones, but
is neither perpendicular to
the axis nor parallel to the
a generator.

Conic Sections
(3) Parabola
A parabola is formed when

i.e. when the plane is


parallel to a generator.

Conic Sections
(4) Hyperbola
A hyperbola is formed when

i.e. when the plane cuts


both the cones, but does not
pass through the common
vertex.

Parabola
A parabola is the locus of a variable point on a
plane so that its distance from a fixed point
(the focus) is equal to its distance from a fixed
line (the directrix x = - a).
y
P(x,y)

M(-a,0)

focus F(a,0)

Form the definition of parabola,


PF = PN

( x a) y x a
2

( x a) y ( x a)
2

x 2ax a y x 2ax a
2

y 4ax
2

standard equation of a parabola

vertex

axis of symmetry

latus rectum (LL)

mid-point of FM = the origin (O) = vertex


length of the latus rectum = LL= 4a

Other forms of Parabola

y 4ax
2

Other forms of Parabola

x 4ay
2

Other forms of Parabola

x 4ay
2

12.1 Equations of a Parabola


A parabola is the locus of a variable point P
which moves in a plane so that its distance from
a fixed point F in the plane equals its distance
from a fixed line l in the plane.
The fixed point F is
called the focus and the
fixed line l is called the
directrix.

12.1 Equations of a Parabola

The equation of a parabola with focus


F(a,0) and directrix x + a =0, where a >0,
is y2 = 4ax.

12.1 Equations of a Parabola


XX is the axis.
O is the vertex.
F is the focus.
MN is the focal chord.
HK is the latus rectum.

12.2 Chords and Tangents of a Parabola

A straight line, not parallel to the


axis of a parabola, is a tangent to
the parabola if and only if it cuts
the parabola at exactly one point.

12.4 Equations of an Ellipse


An ellipse is a curve which is the locus of a variable
point which moves in a plane so that the sum of its
distance from two fixed points remains a constant.
The two fixed points are called foci.

P(x,y)

P(x,y)

Let PF1+PF2 = 2a where a > 0

( x c ) y ( x c ) y 2a
2

( x c ) y 2a ( x c ) y
2

( x c ) y 4a 4a ( x c ) y ( x c ) y
2

4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2

a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2

a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2 cx a 4

(a c ) x a y a a c
2

2 2

(a c ) x a y a (a c )
2

Let b a c
2

b x a y a b
2

x
y

1
2
2
a
b

2 2

standard equation of
an ellipse

12.4 Equations of an Ellipse


major axis = 2a

vertex
lactus rectum
minor axis = 2b
length of semi-major axis = a
length of the semi-minor axis = b
2b 2
length of lactus rectum =
a

12.4 Equations of an Ellipse


AB

major axis

CD

minor axis

A, B, C and D

vertices

centre

PQ

focal chord

focus

RS, RS

latus rectum

12.4 Equations of an Ellipse


Other form of Ellipse
2

x
y

1
2
2
b
a
where a2 b2 = c2
and a > b > 0

12.4 Equations of an Ellipse


Furthermore,
x2 y2
(1) Given an ellipse 2 2 1, where a b 0,
a
b
the length of the semi - major axis is a and that
of the semi - minor axis is b.
x2 y2
(2) Given an ellipse 2 2 1, where a b 0,
b
a
then its foci lie on the y - axis, the length of the
semi - major axis is a and that of the semi - minor
axis is b.

12.4 Equations of an Ellipse


( x h) ( y k )
(3) The equation

1, represent an
2
2
a
b
ellipse whose centre is at (h, k ) and whose axes are
parallel to the coordinate axes.
2

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2

1
2
2
a
b

(h, k)

12.7 Equations of a Hyperbola


A hyperbola is a curve which is the locus of a variable
point which moves in a plane so that the difference of
its distance from it to two points remains a constant.
The two fixed points are called foci.

P(x,y)

Let |PF1-PF2| = 2a where a > 0

| ( x c) y ( x c) y | 2a
2

( x c ) y 2 a ( x c ) y
2

( x c ) y 4a 4a ( x c ) y ( x c ) y
2

4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2

a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2

a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2 cx a 4

(c a ) x a y a c a
2

2 2

(c a ) x a y a (c a )
2

Let b c a
2

b x a y a b
2

x
y

1
2
2
a
b

2 2

standard equation of
a hyperbola

transverse axis
vertex
lactus rectum

conjugate axis

2b 2
length of lactus rectum =
a
length of the semi-transverse axis = a
length of the semi-conjugate axis = b

12.7 Equations of a Hyperbola


A1, A2

vertices

A1A2

transverse axis

YY

conjugate axis

centre

GH

focal chord

CD

lactus rectum

12.7 Equations of a Hyperbola


asymptote

equation of
asymptote :

b
y x
a

12.7 Equations of a Hyperbola


Other form of Hyperbola :
2

y
x

1
2
2
a
b

12.7 Equations of a Hyperbola


Properties of a hyperbola :
( x - h) 2 ( y - k ) 2
(1) The equation

1 represents a
2
2
a
b
hyperbola with centre at (h, k ), transverse axis
parallel to the x - axis.
( x - h) 2 ( y - k ) 2
(2) The equation
1 represents a
2
2
a
b
hyperbola with centre at (h, k ), transverse axis
parallel to the y - axis.

12.7 Equations of a Hyperbola


Parametric form of a hyperbola :

x a sec

y b tan
where is a parameter.
the point (a sec , b tan ) lies on the
2

x
y
hyperbola 2 2 1.
a
b

Conics

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

PF = PN

PF1 + PF2 = 2a

| PF1 + PF2 | = 2a

Graph

Definition

Conics

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b

x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b

Graph

Standard
Equation

y 4ax
2

Conics

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

x = -a

a
x , e PF1
e
PN

a
PF1
x ,e
PN
e

Graph

Directrix

Conics

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

Graph

Vertices

(0,0)

A1(a,0), A2(-a,0),
B1(0,b), B2(0,-b)

A1(a,0), A2(-a,0)

Conics

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

Graph

Axes

axis of
parabola = the
x-axis

major axis = A1A2


minor axis =B1B2

transverse axis =A1A2


conjugate axis =B1B2
where B1(0,b), B2(0,-b)

Conics

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

4a

2b 2
a

2b 2
a

Graph

Length of
lantus
rectum LL

THANK YOU.

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