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Conic Sections
Conic Sections
(1) Circle
A circle is formed when
Conic Sections
(2) Ellipse
An ellipse is formed when
Conic Sections
(3) Parabola
A parabola is formed when
Conic Sections
(4) Hyperbola
A hyperbola is formed when
Parabola
A parabola is the locus of a variable point on a
plane so that its distance from a fixed point
(the focus) is equal to its distance from a fixed
line (the directrix x = - a).
y
P(x,y)
M(-a,0)
focus F(a,0)
( x a) y x a
2
( x a) y ( x a)
2
x 2ax a y x 2ax a
2
y 4ax
2
vertex
axis of symmetry
y 4ax
2
x 4ay
2
x 4ay
2
P(x,y)
P(x,y)
( x c ) y ( x c ) y 2a
2
( x c ) y 2a ( x c ) y
2
( x c ) y 4a 4a ( x c ) y ( x c ) y
2
4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2
a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2
a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2 cx a 4
(a c ) x a y a a c
2
2 2
(a c ) x a y a (a c )
2
Let b a c
2
b x a y a b
2
x
y
1
2
2
a
b
2 2
standard equation of
an ellipse
vertex
lactus rectum
minor axis = 2b
length of semi-major axis = a
length of the semi-minor axis = b
2b 2
length of lactus rectum =
a
major axis
CD
minor axis
A, B, C and D
vertices
centre
PQ
focal chord
focus
RS, RS
latus rectum
x
y
1
2
2
b
a
where a2 b2 = c2
and a > b > 0
1, represent an
2
2
a
b
ellipse whose centre is at (h, k ) and whose axes are
parallel to the coordinate axes.
2
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
1
2
2
a
b
(h, k)
P(x,y)
| ( x c) y ( x c) y | 2a
2
( x c ) y 2 a ( x c ) y
2
( x c ) y 4a 4a ( x c ) y ( x c ) y
2
4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2
a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2
a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2 cx a 4
(c a ) x a y a c a
2
2 2
(c a ) x a y a (c a )
2
Let b c a
2
b x a y a b
2
x
y
1
2
2
a
b
2 2
standard equation of
a hyperbola
transverse axis
vertex
lactus rectum
conjugate axis
2b 2
length of lactus rectum =
a
length of the semi-transverse axis = a
length of the semi-conjugate axis = b
vertices
A1A2
transverse axis
YY
conjugate axis
centre
GH
focal chord
CD
lactus rectum
equation of
asymptote :
b
y x
a
y
x
1
2
2
a
b
1 represents a
2
2
a
b
hyperbola with centre at (h, k ), transverse axis
parallel to the x - axis.
( x - h) 2 ( y - k ) 2
(2) The equation
1 represents a
2
2
a
b
hyperbola with centre at (h, k ), transverse axis
parallel to the y - axis.
x a sec
y b tan
where is a parameter.
the point (a sec , b tan ) lies on the
2
x
y
hyperbola 2 2 1.
a
b
Conics
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
PF = PN
PF1 + PF2 = 2a
| PF1 + PF2 | = 2a
Graph
Definition
Conics
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b
x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b
Graph
Standard
Equation
y 4ax
2
Conics
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
x = -a
a
x , e PF1
e
PN
a
PF1
x ,e
PN
e
Graph
Directrix
Conics
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Graph
Vertices
(0,0)
A1(a,0), A2(-a,0),
B1(0,b), B2(0,-b)
A1(a,0), A2(-a,0)
Conics
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Graph
Axes
axis of
parabola = the
x-axis
Conics
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
4a
2b 2
a
2b 2
a
Graph
Length of
lantus
rectum LL
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