Solid Waste, Energy generation and Disposal

R. MUKHIL (14m439)
M. ARAVINDHAN (15m431)
A.M. DEV PRAKASH (15m432)
P. HARI PRASHANTH (15m433)
S.J. JASON SAMRAJ (15m434)
M. ARUN KUMAR (15m435)
 Solid Waste
Solid wastes are all the wastes
arising from human and animal
activities that are normally solid
and that are discarded as useless or
unwanted. The term refuse, is
often used interchangeably with
the term solid wastes.
Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Sources
 Classification of Material
Comprising Municipal Solid

Waste
Garbage: The animal, fruit or vegetable residues
resulting from handling, preparation, cooking, and
eating of foods. Because food waste are
putrescible, they decompose rapidly, especially
in warm weather.
Rubbish: Combustible and noncombustible solid
wastes, excluding food wastes or other putrescible
material. Typically, combustible rubbish consists
of material such as paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and
garden trimmings. Non combustible material
consists of glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum
cans, ferrous and non ferrous metals, dirt and
construction wastes.
Ashes and Residues: Material remaining from the
 Classification of Material
Comprising Municipal Solid Waste
Demolition and Construction Wastes: Wastes from
razed buildings and other structures are
classified as demolition wastes. Wastes from the
construction, remolding, and repairing of residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings and similar
structures are classified as construction wastes. These
wastes may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks.
Special Wastes: Wastes such as street sweepings,
roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals,
abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
Treatment Plant Wastes: The solid and semisolid
wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial-
waste treatment facilities are included in the
classification.
 Classification of Material
Comprising Municipal Solid
Waste
Classification of Solid Waste in Tabular Form
Classification of Solid Waste in Tabular Form
 Types of Solid Wastes
Solid wastes are generally classified in three
general categories
Municipal Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Hazardous Wastes
 Municipal Wastes
Municipal Wastes Include waste from
residential, commercial, open areas
such as parks, streets, playgrounds
etc. and treatment plant waste these
include wastes such as, garbage,
rubbish, ashes, demolition and
construction wastes, special wastes,
treatment plant wastes, principally
composed of residual sludges.
Municipal Wastes
 Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are those wastes
arising from industrial activities and
typically include rubbish, ashes,
demolition and construction
wastes, special wastes and
hazardous wastes.
Industrial Wastes
 Hazardous Wastes
Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately
or over a period of time to human, plants, or animal
life are classified as hazardous wastes. A wastes is
classified as hazardous waste if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics:
(1) Ignitability (2) Corrosivity (3) Reactivity (4)
Toxicity.
In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into
the following categories:
(1) Radioactive Wastes (2) Chemicals (3) Biological
Wastes (4) Flammable wastes (5) Explosives. The
chemical category include wastes that are corrosive,
reactivity, or toxic. The principal source of hazardous
biological wastes are hospitals and biological facilities.
Hazardous Wastes
Characteristics of Solid Waste
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
OF MUNICIPAL
MUNICIPAL SOLID
SOLID WASTES
WASTES IN
IN
INDIAN CITIES
INDIAN CITIES
 Characteristics of Solid
Waste
CHEMICALSCHARACTERISTICS
CHEMICALS CHARACTERISTICSOF
OFMUNICIPAL
MUNICIPALSOLID
SOLIDWASTES
WASTESIN
IN
INDIANCITIES
INDIAN CITIES
 Physical Characteristics
Density: The knowledge of density is
important for the design of all elements of
the solid waste management systems like
storage, transport and disposal. For
example for a known volume of the solid
waste its density gives us the idea about
the requirement of the truck in tonnage.
The density varies significantly from source to
the disposal site because of handling, change in
moisture content, densification due to vibration
of movement, disturbance by animals and birds
(scavengers) etc.
 Physical Characteristics
Moisture Content
Moisture content of the solid waste is
expressed as the weight of moisture
per unit weight of wet material.
Moisture content varies generally from
20 to 45% depending upon the climatic
conditions and level of city (income
group) etc. The increase of moisture
content increases the weight and thus
the cost of transportation and thus the
storage section should take care of it.
 Chemical Characteristics
Calorific value: Calorific value is
the amount of heat generated
from combustion of a unit weight
of a substance, expressed as kilo
calorie per kilogram. The calorific
value is determined in the laboratory
by Bomb Calorimeter.
 Chemical Characteristics
The chemical characteristics of solid waste are
determined for assessing the treatment process. Mainly
three chemical characteristics are determined,
chemical, bio-chemical and toxicological.
Chemical quantities of solid waste in Indian urban
centres are pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium (N-P-K), total carbon, carbon/nitrogen ratio,
calorific value.
Bio-chemical characteristics include carbohydrate,
proteins, natural fiber, and biodegradable factor.
Toxic characteristics include heavy metals,
pesticides, insecticides etc.
 Chemical Characteristics
Consideration of lipids (fats, oils and grease) should
also be done as they are of a very high calorific value
(about 38000 Kcal/kg). These days synthetic organic
materials like plastic have become a significant component
of solid waste accounting for 5-7%. In India the plastic is
non-biodegradable and thus poses a great problem. It
chokes the drains and if burnt it produces poisonous
gases. The thin plastic sheets and bags are not recycled as the
cost of making it dirt & oil free makes the process
uneconomical.
All the above considerations of characteristics are
required to design, conceive and assess the most
appropriate ways of transportation, the requirements of
treatment, extraction of energy and the safe, sanitary
way of disposal for the protection of environment
 Solid Waste Management
The solid waste management has the
following components:
Identification of waste and its
minimization at the source
Collection, segregation and storage at
the site of collection
Transportation
Treatment
Energy recovery
Disposal
Solid Waste Management
 Identification of Waste
and its Minimization at
theofSource
The minimization the waste production is
the best strategy. For this, first of all the
process should be such that there is a
least production of waste.
Then the next step is to reuse the remaining
waste in the same process. This reduces the
cost of transportation etc.
 Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source

The above mentioned methods can be adopted on a large

scale also, but for that the waste is firstly collected,
transported and than utilized. This incurs a large cost. So it
is always preferable that if the waste production is minimized
or the waste is reused, recycled at the source itself. Thus,
the waste minimization is achieved through careful
planning, changing attitude, sometimes special
investments, and most important is a real
commitment.
The self motivated willing reduction of waste is
generally not possible, so strict enforcement of the
law should be there. The waste reduction and reuse,
recycling should be given incentives from the
government in the form of tax reduction and loans
Identification of
Identification of Waste
Waste and
and its
its Minimization
Minimization at
at the
the Source
Source
 Collection, Segregation and
Storage at the Site of
Collection
The main problem of solid waste
management is the collection of solid
waste. The household waste consists of all
types of general waste. At present there is
no scientific, clean, hygienic, efficient
practice of waste collection in most of the
cities of India including the metro cities.
The industrial waste is also handled in
the same way. The collection and storage
of waste is the most neglected operation
in any industry.
 Collection, Segregation and
Storage at the Site of Collection
 Collection, Segregation and
Storage at the Site of Collection

The best way would have been the

segregation of waste at the
generation point. Segregation means
collecting it in different bins, or
plastic bags. The domestic waste can be
broadly separated as reusable (paper,
plastic, metal etc.), and non reusable. The
non reusable may have organic
matter like kitchen waste or inorganic
matter like dust, dirt etc. The organic
matter is liable to decomposition
 Collection, Segregation and
Storage at the Site of Collection
This separated waste should be regularly
collected by the worker directly from the
houses at some well defined time. Then it
should be transported in (covered vehicles)to
some waste collection depots for
utilization/transportation to different sites.
The organic waste can be used for the
production of biogas or for the
extraction of energy, incineration
(controlled burning or making organic
compost, and vermi-composting.
Segregation of Waste
 Transportation of Solid Waste

The waste is transported from the storage

depots to the disposal sites in tractor
trollies
As per law it should be transported in closed
containers
The industrial waste must be transported
separately and must be disposed in a safe way
after suitable treatment.
Any type of the Hazardous waste should
be labeled and coded to handle a spillage.
Transportation of Solid Waste
 Treatment of Solid Waste

The waste has to be treated

before disposal for the
protection of environment.
The treatment may be
Composting
Anerobic respiration
Treatment of Solid Waste
Energy Recovery and Disposal

Disposal of waste should be done in

such away that it remains a waste in
actual sense i.e. nothing can be
recovered out of it
Energy recovery and disposal can be
made by
Incineration
Land-fills
 Composting
Natural process of recycling
decomposed organic materials into
rich soil
Soil gains back its nutrients by
composting organic wastes
 Types of composting
Backyard composting
Bin composting
Grass-cycling
 Merits of composting
Prevents damping the organic
matters landfills and waterways
Reduction in pest problems
Improves soil moisture retention
Feeding plants well improve our
personal diet
 Composting efficiency
In a questionnaire survey, kitchen
waste about 97% of total
The use of compost bin had leach
problems, unpleasant smell and
worm problems
Waste collection services were
reduced 69% after introducing this
technology
 Anaerobic digestion
It is biological process in which micro
organisms break down the biodegradable
matter in the absence of oxygen
One of the end product is bio-gas which can
used for cooking and other purposes
Separated digested solids can be
composted, directly applied to cropland or
converted into other products.
Nutrients in the liquid stream are used in
agriculture as fertilizer.
Anaerobic process (contd.,)
Efficiency of anaerobic digestion

The implementation of anaerobic

respiration reduced the wastage
stocking by 66%
Source
 Collection Services For Solid
Wastes
The three most common
collection services
Curb
Alley
Backyard collection
Set out set back service
 Curb Service
The workmen come, collect and
empty the container and put
back at the place
The house owner is required to take
back the empty containers from the
curb to the house
 Alley Service
The containers are placed at the
alley line from where they are
picked up by workmen from
refuse vehicle who deposit back
the empty container
 Set out Set Back Service
Set out man go to the house collect
containers and empty them in the refuse
vehicle
Another group of persons return them to the
house owners yard
 Backyard Service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin,
wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard
and empty the solid waste container in it.
The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid
waste vehicle where it is emptied
Commercial-Industrial Collection Services

This uses large movable and stationary

containers and large stationary compactors
Compactors are of type that can be used to
compress material directly into large container
or to form bale that are then placed in large
containers.
 Types of Collection Systems
Based on the mode of operation, collection
systems are classified into two categories
Hauled-container systems
Stationary-container systems
 Hauled Container
Systems
The containers used for the storage of waste are
hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site,
emptied, and returned to either their original
location or some other location
The vechicles maybe
Tilt-frame loaded
Open top
Trash trailer
 Tilt-frame loaded
They are used for collection of all
types of solid wastes from locations
with the use of large containers
Because of the large volume that
can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame
hauled container systems has
become widespread among public
and private sectors
 Open top containers
They are used routinely at
warehouses and construction sites
Large Containers used in conjunction
with stationary compactors are
common at commercial and
industrial services and at transfer
stations
 Trash-trailer system
The application of trash-trailer is
similar to that of tilt-frame container
systems
Trash-trailer are better for the
collection of especially heavy wastes
like sand, timber, and metal scrap
Usually used for the collection of
demolition wastes at construction
sites
Hauled Container
Systems
 Stationary-Container System
(SCS)
SCS can be used for collection of all types of wastes
The container remains in the place where the waste
is generated
The waste is loaded into the a large container
When fully loaded from multiple ontainers, the truck
trvels t and from landfills
Types include
Manually loaded
Mechanically loaded
Stationary-Container System
(SCS)
 Processing of Solid
Waste
Processing techniques are used in solid waste
management systems to (1) improve the efficiency of
solid-Waste disposal systems (2) To recover
Resources and (3) To prepare materials for the
recovery of conversion products and energy.
Mechanical Volume Reduction
Mechanical Volume Reduction is perhaps the most
important factor in development and operation of
solid-waste management systems. Vehicles
equipped with compaction mechanisms are used
for the collection of most municipal solid wastes. To
increase the life of landfills, wastes are compacted. Paper
for recycling is baled for shipping to processing centres.
Mechanical Volume Reduction
 Processing of Solid
Waste
Thermal Volume Reduction
The volume of municipal wastes can be
reduced by more than 90 % by incineration.
In the past, incineration was quite common.
However, with more restrictive air-pollution control
requirement necessitating the use of expensive
cleanup equipment only a limited number of
municipal incinerators are currently in operation.
More recently, increased haul distances to
available landfill sites and increased fuel
costs have brought about a renewed interest
in incineration.
Thermal Volume Reduction
 Processing of Solid
Waste
Manual Component Separation
The manual separation of solid waste components
can be accomplished at source where solid waste
are generated, at a transfer station, at a
centralized processing station or at the disposal
site. Manual sorting at the source of
generation is the most positive way to
achieve the recovery and reuse of materials.
The number and types of components
salvaged or sorted depend on the location,
the opportunities for recycling, and the
resale market.
Manual Component Separation
 Disposal
Disposal on or in the earths mantle is, at present the only
viable method for long-term handling:
(1) Solid Wastes that are collected and are of no further
use,
(2) The residual matter remaining after solid wastes have
been processed,
(3) The residual matter remaining after the recovery of
conversion products and energy has been accomplished.
Landfilling is the method of disposal used most
commonly for municipal wastes; land farming and
deep-well injection have been used for industrial
wastes. Although incineration is often considered a
disposal method, it is in reality, a processing
method.
 Landfilling with Solid
Wastes
Land filling involves the controlled
disposal of solid waste on or in the
upper layer of the earths mantle.
Landfilling Methods and
Operations
The principal methods used for
landfilling dry area may be classified
as (1) Area (2) Trench (3)
Depression.
 Landfilling with Solid
Wastes
The Area Method
The Area Method is used when the terrain is
unsuitable for the excavation of trenches in which
to place the solid wastes. The filling operation usually
is started by building an earthen bund against which
wastes are placed in thin layers and compacted as the fill
progresses untill the thickness of the compacted wastes
reaches a height of 2 to 3 m at the end of days
operation a 150 mm to 300 mm layer of cover material is
placed over the compacted fill. The cover material
must be hauled in by truck or earth-moving
equipment from adjacent land or from borrow-pit
areas. A final layer of cover material is used when
the fill reaches the final design height.
Landfilling with Solid
Wastes
 Landfilling with Solid
Wastes
The Trench Method
The trench method is suited to areas where an
adequate depth of cover material is available at
the site and where the water table is well below
the surface. To start the process To start the process, a
portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt
is stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first
trench. Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into
thin layers and compacted. The operation continues
untill the desired height is reached. Cover material
is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or
continuing the trench that is being filled.
Landfilling with Solid
Wastes
 Landfilling with Solid Wastes
Depression Landfills
At locations where natural or artificial
depression exist, it is often possible to use
them effectively for landfilling operations.
Canyons, ravines, fry borrow pits and
quarries have all used for this purpose.
The technique to place and compact solid
waste in depression landfills vary with the
geometry of the site, the characteristics of the
cover material, the hydrology and geology of the
site, and the access to the site.
 Composting
Composting as defined earlier is a process in
which organic matter of the solid waste is
decomposed and converted to humus and stable
mineral compounds. The end product of composting
process is called compost which is rich fertilizer.
There are three methods of composting:
(1) Composting by Trenching
(2) Open window composting
(3) Mechanical Composting
Composting
 Composting
Composting by Trenching:
In this method trenches 3 to 12 m long, 2 to 3 m wide and 1 to 2 m deep are
excavated with clear spacing of 2 m. The trenches are then filled up with dry
solid waste in layers of 15 cm. On top of each layer 5 cm thick sandwiching
layer of night soil animal dung is spread in semi liquid form. On the top layer of
night soil animal dung is spread in semi liquid form. On the top layer protruding
about 30 cm above the surrounding ground layer, a layer of earth having
thickness of around 10 cm is laid so that there is no problem of flies. Intensive
biological action starts in 2 to 3 days and organic matter decomposition starts. In
this process considerable heat is generated and temperature of the composting
mass rises upto 75 0 C. Due to this fly breeding does not take place. The solid
waste stabilizes in 4 to 6 months and gets changed in to a brown coloured,
odourless, innocuous powdery form known as humus having high manure
value because of nitrogen content.
The stabilized mass is then removed from trenches screened to remove
coarse inert materials like stones brick bats, glass pieces plastic articles etc.
Composting by Trenching
 Composting
Open Window Composting:
In This method large materials like broken glass
pieces, stone, plastic articles etc. are first
removed are first removed and remaining solid
waste is dumped on ground in form of piles of 0.6
to 1 m height the width and length of pile are
kept as 60%. The piles are then covered with
night soil, animal dung to supply necessary
organisms for biodegradation.
The temperature rises because of biological
activities in the waste piles and microbial action
shift to misophilic to thermophilic stage. After this
pile is turned up for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic decomposition. The temperature of pile
0
Open Window
Composting
 Composting
Mechanical Composting
The composting by trenching and open window
composting methods require very large area. The
process ire laborious and time consuming. In large
cities the larger area may not be available and
therefore mechanical composting is adopted which is
very fast mechanical devices are employed in turning
the solid waste undergoing composting. The
stabilization of the wastes takes only about 3 to 6 m
days.
The operation involves
(1) Reception and refuse (2) segregation
(3) Shredding (4) Stabilization (5) Marketing the
humus.
Mechanical Composting
 Incineration
Incineration can be defined as a controlled combustion process for
burning solid, liquid and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and
residue containing non combustible material.
Incinerators are used for the process of incineration. Following
important points should be observed carefully during incineration.
Charging of solid waste should be continuous
Each batch of waste should be well mixed and proportion of fuel should be
such that complete combustion takes places and the proper temperature is
maintained.
Auxiliary burners are usually installed above the refuse to ignite it and to
establish the draft at the beginning of the cycle. This is required when
moisture content of solid waste is high.
The minimum temperature in the chamber should be not less than 670 0C so
that all organic matter is incinerated and foul smelling gases are oxidized.
 Incineration
Advantages of Incineration
Most hygienic method
Complete destruction of pathogens
No odour trouble
Heat generated may be used for raising steam power.
Clinkers produced may be used for road construction.
Less space Required
Adverse weather condition has no effect.
Disadvantages of Incineration
Large initial expense
Care and attention required otherwise in complete combustion
will increase air pollution.
Residues are required to be disposed which needs money.
Large number of vehicles required for solid waste transport to the
site of incineration.
Incineration
 Pyrolysis
It is defined as heating the solid waste at very high temperature in
absence of air.
Pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature between 500 00 C to 1000 00C
to produce three component streams.
Gas: It is a mixture of combustible gases such as hydrogen, carbon
dioxide, methane, carbon mono-oxide and some hydrocarbons.
Liquid: It contains tar, pitch, light oil, and low boiling organic
chemicals like acetic acid, acetone, methanol etc.
Char: It consists of elemental carbon along with inert material in the
waste feed.
The char liquid and gases have high calorific values.
It has been observed that even after supplying the heat necessary
for pyrolysis, certain amount of excess heat still remains which can
be commercially exploited.
Pyrolysis
 Gasification
Gasification is a type of advanced conversion that
produces a combustible gas that is a mixture of carbon
monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane.
This gas can be used directly to generate heat and
electricity. Alternatively it can be upgraded to an ultra
clean gas called syngas.
This can be used to manufacture either bio methane,
which can be injected into the national gas grid, or
transport fuels such as hydrogen, ethanol, synthetic
diesel or jet fuel.
The energy given off can be harnessed to generate
heat and power.
 Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a series of biological processes
that use a diverse population of bacteria to break down
organic materials into biogas, primarily methane, and a
combination of solid and liquid effluents, the digestive.
It occurs in the absence of free oxygen.
Organic materials are composed of organic compounds
resulting from the remains or decomposition of
previously living organisms such as plants and animals
and their waste products.
Sources of organic material for anaerobic digestion
include dairy manure, food processing waste, plant
residues, and other organic wastes such as municipal
wastewater, food waste, and fats, oils, and grease.
 Refuse Derived Fuels
(RFD)
Processing municipal, industrial and bulky waste,
construction refuse and surplus production with
high-calorific value into homogenous RDF or
secondary fuels for cement kilns or power stations.
Input material
Plastic packaging
Paper industry rejects
High-caloric plastics
Mixed waste from households, industry,
construction business
Wood
 Conclusion
Although India has the most comprehensive Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, it
is just a directive on paper without any enforcement
and implementation. Very little effort has been made to train
and build the capacity of all stakeholders. Hence, there are all
kinds of excuses given for its failure.
Most of the municipalities cite lack of resources to
manage solid waste while the communities feel that
they have not been involved. Resource agencies, like NGOs,
want to take the initiative but do not wish to get involved till
they have a complete assurance of cooperation from all
stakeholders, specially the government and civic agencies.
They also do not like the idea of volunteering without
any financial back-up. The government should educate and
inform people about such projects before executing any plan,
so that the desired results are obtained.
Thanks !