Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
An Educational Program to
Improve the Level of Teaching
Risk-Informed, Performance-
based Fire Protection Engineering
Assessment Methods
1
RESOURCES PROVIDED
All Participants will be given at the end of the
course, a CD-ROM containing:
Handouts and visuals used in presentations
Reference materials, real-world example FHAs,
and the latest version of FDTs
Fire Dynamics Tools (FDT s) Quantitative Fire
Hazard Analysis Methods for the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission Fire Protection Inspection
Program, (NUREG-1805.1, June 2005).
Verification and Validation of Selected Fire Models
for Nuclear Power Plant Applications, (NUREG-
1824/EPRI 1011999, May 2007)
2
INTRODUCTION
3
INTRODUCTION
4
OBJECTIVES
5
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
General Requirements in
Appendix R (10 CFR 50) states
a fire protection program shall:
Prevent fires from starting
Rapidly detect, control, and extinguish
fires that do occur
Protect structures, systems, and
components
6
REGULATORY OBJECTIVES
FHAs for Nuclear Power Plants should:
Consider the potential for transient fire
hazards
Determine the consequences of fire in any
location in the plant
Pay attention to safe reactor shutdown while
minimizing the chances for radioactive
material releases
Specify measures for fire detection,
suppression, containment, and prevention.
7
COMMON NPP FIRE HAZARDS
8
TYPICAL FIRE HAZARDS
Electrical cable insulation Turbine lube oil and
Ordinary combustibles hydrogen seal oil
Oil fire hazards in reactor Hydrogen cooling gas fire
coolant pump motors, hazard in turbine
emergency turbine-driven generator buildings
feedwater pumps Fire hazards associated
Diesel fuel fire hazards at with electrical switchgear,
diesel-driven generators motor control centers
Charcoal in filter units (MCCs), electrical
cabinets, load centers,
Flammable off gases
inverter, circuit boards,
Protective coatings and transformers
9
NPP FIRE
SCENARIOS
(NUREG 1824)
10
NPP SCENARIOS (NUREG 1824)
Switchgear Room
Multi-Level
Cable Spreading
Building
Room
Containment
Main Control
Building
Room
Battery Room
Pump Room
Computer or Relay
Turbine Building
Room
Multi- Outdoors
Compartment
Corridor
11
SWITCHGEAR ROOM FIRE
12
CABLE SPREADING ROOM FIRE
13
MAIN CONTROL ROOM FIRE
14
PUMP ROOM FIRE
15
TURBINE BUILDING ROOM FIRE
16
MULTI-COMP. CORRIDOR FIRE
17
MULTI-LEVEL BUILDING FIRE
18
CONTAINMENT BUILDING FIRE
19
FHAS USING
FIRE MODELS
20
FHAs USING FIRE MODELS
FHAs of NPPs are typically assisted using
fire models.
Three useful classes of fire models exist
(Ref: NIST, RIC 2007):
21
FIRE MODELING OUTPUTS
22
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
23
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
24
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
25
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
(4) Plume temperature: The fire plume is the
buoyant flow rising above the ignition source,
which carries the hot gases that ultimately
accumulate in the upper part of a room to form
the hot gas layer. The plume is characterized
by a distinct temperature profile, which is
expected to be higher than the ceiling jet and
hot gas layer. This attribute is particularly
important in NPP fires because of the
numerous postulated scenarios that involve
targets directly above a potential fire source.
26
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
28
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
29
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
30
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
31
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
32
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
33
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
34
FIRE MODELING PARAMETERS
35
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
Tier A Material Properties
A1 (08) Burning duration of
solids
A2 (07) Heat Release Rate of
cable tray fires
A3 (03) Burning characteristics
of liquid pool fires (HRR, burning
duration, flame height)
36
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
Tier B Plume Development
B1 (09) Center line temperature of
a fire plume
B2 (04) Flame height calculations
(wall, line, corner)
B3 (05) Estimate radiant heat flux to
target fuel
B4 (06) Ignition temperature of a
target fuel
37
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
38
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
39
RECENT STUDIES
NUREG
1824
Analysis
41
ACCURACY OF FIRE MODELS
NUREG 1824 Analysis
42
FIRE DYNAMICS
TOOLS
(TIER A)
43
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
Tier A Material Properties
A1 (08) Burning duration of
solids
A2 (07) Heat Release Rate of
cable tray fires
A3 (03) Burning characteristics
of liquid pool fires (HRR, burning
duration, flame height)
44
ESTIMATING BURNING DURATION
OF SOLID COMBUSTIBLES
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 8)
08_Burning_Duration_Solid.xls
45
OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATING BURNING DURATION OF
SOLID COMBUSTIBLES
47
BURNING DURATION
The burning duration of solid combustibles can
be estimated if the HRR and total energy
contained in the fuel are known.
E m fuel H c
tsolid Afuel LW
Q& Q&Afuel
48
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
49
INPUT NEEDED
50
PROBLEM SET
10 lb of non-IEEE-383-qualified PE/PVC
cables. The heat release per unit floor area of
PE/PVC is 589 kW/m , and the heat of
2
51
ESTIMATING THE FULL-SCALE
HEAT RELEASE RATE OF A CABLE
TRAY FIRE
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 7)
07_Cable_HRR_Calculations.xls
52
OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATING THE FULL-SCALE HEAT
RELEASE RATE OF A CABLE TRAY FIRE
53
CABLE TRAY FIRE HISTORY
54
USE OF ELECTRICAL CABLES
55
BEHAVIOR IN FIRES
56
CABLE TRAY HRR
The peak full-scale HRR from a cable
tray fire can be predicted according to
the bench-scale HRR measurements.
57
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) This correlation is based on the data
obtained from flaming fire of cable samples.
(2) A complex cable tray configuration may be
present in many NPPs. For very complex cable
tray arrays, the above correlation would give a
less accurate approximation for the HRR.
(3) The equation should be used to calculate the
HRR for any type of cable.
58
INPUT NEEDED
59
PROBLEM SET
60
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT
RELEASE RATE, BURNING
DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT
(NUREG 1805 Chap 3)
03_HRR_Flame_Height_Burning_Duratio
n_Calculations.xls
61
OBJECTIVES
PREDICTING BURNING CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIQUID POOL FIRE, HEAT RELEASE RATE,
BURNING DURATION, AND FLAME HEIGHT
62
POOL FIRE DYNAMICS FEATURES
Q m H c ,eff A f 1 e
& & k D
63
POOL FIRE BURNING DURATION
4V
tb
D v
2
m&
v
64
FLAME HEIGHT CALCULATIONS
Heskestad
Thomas
65
NON-CIRCULAR POOLS
Calculating the effective diameter
4 Af
D
66
INPUT NEEDED
Steps to estimate the burning duration of a pool
fire:
(1) Determine the regression rate of the pool fire.
(2) Calculate the equivalent diameter of the pool fire.
(3) Calculate the burning duration of the pool fire.
Input needed:
(1) fuel spill volume
(2) fuel spill area or dike area
(3) fuel type
67
INPUT NEEDED
Steps to estimate the flame height of a
pool fire:
(1) Determine the HRR of the pool fire.
(2) Calculate the equivalent diameter of the
pool fire.
(3) Determine the height of the pool fire flame.
Input needed:
(1) fuel spill volume
(2) fuel spill area or dike area
(3) fuel type
68
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) The flame height correlation described in this
chapter was developed for horizontal pool fire sources
in the center or away from the center of the
compartment.
(2) The size of the fire (flame height) depends on the
diameter of the fuel and the HRR attributable to the
combustion.
(3) This correlation method is developed for two-
dimensional sources (primarily pool fires) assumes
that the pool is circular or nearly circular.
(4) There is no fire growth period. (the pool fire
instantaneously reaches its maximum HRR.)
69
PROBLEM SET
70
FIRE DYNAMICS
TOOLS
(TIER B)
71
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
Tier B Plume Development
B1 (09) Center line temperature of a
fire plume
B2 (04) Flame height calculations
(wall, line, corner)
B3 (05) Estimate radiant heat flux to
target fuel
B4 (06) Ignition temperature of a
target fuel
72
ESTIMATING THE CENTERLINE
TEMPERATURE OF A BUOYANT
FIRE PLUME
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 9)
09_Plume_Temperature_Calculations.xls
73
OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATING THE CENTERLINE
TEMPERATURE OF A BUOYANT FIRE
PLUME
76
CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE
77
VIRTUAL ORIGIN
78
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
79
INPUT NEEDED
80
PROBLEM SET
Problem Statement (9.11-1)
A steel beam is located 25 ft above the floor.
Calculate the temperature of the beam
exposed from a 34.5 ft lube oil pool fire. 2
81
ESTIMATING WALL FIRE FLAME
HEIGHT, LINE FIRE FLAME
HEIGHT AGAINST THE WALL, AND
CORNER FIRE FLAME HEIGHT
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 4)
04_Flame_Height_Calculations.xls
82
OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATING WALL FIRE FLAME
HEIGHT, LINE FIRE FLAME HEIGHT
AGAINST THE WALL, AND CORNER
FIRE FLAME HEIGHT
84
FIRE PLUME FLAME HEIGHTS
When a diffusion flame develops and is in
contact with the wall, its structure can be
subdivided into three regions: (1) persistent
flame region, (2) intermittent flame region, and
(3) buoyant plume region.
As the plume rises to the ceiling, its direction
changes from vertical (upward) to horizontal.
Until the point where the flow changes direction,
the plume is primarily driven by buoyancy.
The resulting plume is driven by its residual
momentum and becomes a jet, which is referred
to as the ceiling jet. 85
FIRE PLUME FLAME HEIGHTS
86
WALL FIRE
2
H f ( wall ) 0.034 Q& 3
87
LINE FIRE
2
H f (Wall , Line ) 0.017 Q& 3
88
CORNER FIRE
3
H f (Corner ) 0.075 Q& 5
89
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) This method includes correlations for flame
height for liquid fire.
(2) The size of the fire (flame height) depends
on the length of the fire.
(3) This correlation is developed for two-
dimensional sources. The turbulent diffusion
flames produced by fires burning at or near a
wall configuration of a compartment affect the
spread of the fire.
(4) Air is entrained only from one side during
the combustion process.
90
INPUT NEEDED
91
PROBLEM SET
Problem Statement (4.9-1)
A pool fire scenario arises from a breach (leak or
rupture) in an oil-filled transformer. This event allows
the fuel contents of the transformer to spill 2 gallons
along a wall with an area of 9 ft2.
A cable tray is located 8 ft above the fire. Calculate the
wall flame height of the fire and determine whether the
flame will impinge upon the cable tray.
Solution
(1) Calculate the wall flame height.
(2) Determine whether the flame will impinge upon the
cable tray.
92
ESTIMATING RADIANT HEAT FLUX
FROM A FIRE TO A TARGET FUEL
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 5)
05.1_Heat_Flux_Calculations_Wind_Free.xls
93
OBJECTIVES
94
CRITICAL HEAT FLUX TO TARGET
The incident heat flux (the rate of heat transfer per unit
area) that is normal to the direction of heat flow is a total
of heat transmitted by radiation, conduction, and
convection required to raise the surface of a target to a
critical temperature.
Measured critical heat flux levels for representative cable
samples typically range from 15 to 25 kW/m 2. For
screening purposes, it is appropriate to use value of 10
kW/m2 for IEEE-383 qualified cable and 5 kW/m 2 for
IEEE-383 unqualified cable.
95
CRITICAL HEAT FLUX TO TARGET
96
POINT SOURCE RADIATION
A point source estimate of radiant flux is the
simplest model of a radiant source used in
calculating the heat flux from a flame to target
located outside the flame.
The model assumes radiant energy is released
at a point located at the center of the fire.
r
97
POINT/SOLID FLAME RADIATION
98
SOLID FLAME RADIATION
The solid flame model assumes that, (1) the fire can be
represented by a solid body of a simple geometrical
shape, (2) thermal radiation is emitted from its surface,
and, (3) non-visible gases do not emit much radiation.
q& E F1 2
E T 4
99
HYDROCARBON FIREBALL
Variables impacting a fireballs thermal
radiation hazard: (1) the mass of fuel involved,
(2) the fireballs diameter, (3) duration, and (4)
thermal emissive power.
Radiation received by an object relatively
distant from the fireball can be calculated by:
0.771
828 m
q&r F
R2
100
HYDROCARBON FIREBALL
Distance from center of fireball to target
Fireball volume
mF
VF
F
101
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
102
ESTIMATING THERMAL RADIATION
103
INPUT NEEDED
104
PROBLEM SET
Problem Statement (5.11-1)
A pool fire scenario arises from a breach (leak or
rupture) in a transformer where the fuel contents spills
and spreads over the compartment floor. The
compartment is large and has a high ceiling. A pool
fire ensues with a spill area of 9.0 ft on the concrete
2
floor.
Calculate the flame radiant heat flux to a target
(cabinet) at ground level with no wind using: a) point
source radiation model and b) solid flame radiation
model. The distance between the fire source and the
target edge is assumed to be 10 ft.
105
PROBLEM SET
106
ESTIMATING THE IGNITION TIME
OF A TARGET FUEL EXPOSED TO
A CONSTANT RADIATIVE HEAT
FLUX
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 6)
06_Ignition_Time_Calculations.xls
107
OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATING THE IGNITION TIME OF A
TARGET FUEL EXPOSED TO A
CONSTANT RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX
109
IGNITION TIME (THERMALLY THICK)
Method of Tewarson
Method of Janssens
110
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) For ignition to occur, a solid material must be
heated sufficiently to vaporize and form a flammable
mixture.
(2) Ignition occurs when the surface reaches a critical
temperature defined as the ignition temperature.
(3) A heat source must be present to ignite the solid.
(4) The solid is assumed to be infinitely thick.
(5) The methods are all derived through the solid with
radiant heating on the surface.
111
INPUT NEEDED
112
PROBLEM SET
flux.
113
FIRE DYNAMICS
TOOLS
(TIER C)
114
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
115
PREDICTING HOT GAS LAYER
TEMPERATURE AND SMOKE
LAYER HEIGHT IN A ROOM FIRE
WITH NATURAL AND FORCED
VENTILATION
(NUREG 1805 Chap 2)
02.1_Temperature_NV.xls
02.1_Temperature_FV.xls
116
OBJECTIVES
PREDICTING HOT GAS LAYER
TEMPERATURE AND SMOKE LAYER
HEIGHT IN A ROOM FIRE WITH NATURAL
AND FORCED VENTILATION
CONDITIONS
DEPEND ON:
Combustion
Enclosure Size
Enclosure
Construction
Enclosure
Ventilation
118
COMPARTMENT FIRE STAGES
119
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
120
GAS LAYER TEMPERATURE
Natural Ventilation: Natural Ventilation:
Method of (Closed
McCaffrey, Compartment)
Quintiere, and Method of Beyler
Harkleroad (MQH)
GAS LAYER TEMPERATURE
122
SMOKE LAYER POSITION
Natural Ventilation
(Smoke Filling):
Method of Yamana
and Tanaka
123
HRR DATA SOURCES
Data Sources for
Heat Release
Rates included on
your CD-ROM:
NUREG 1805 (p 2-
20 to 2-22)
S. Sardqvist,
Initial Fires, Lund
Other References:
SFPE Handbook
NIST Fire on the
Web (fire.nist.gov)
124
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
The following assumptions and
limitations apply to all forced and
natural convection situations: (6) Caution should be exercised when
(1) These methods best apply to the compartment overhead are highly
conventional-size compartments. They congested with obstructions such as
should be used with caution for large cable trays, conduits, ducts, etc.
compartments. (7) A single heat transfer coefficient
(2) These methods apply to both may be used for the entire inner
transient and steady-state fire growth. surface of the compartment.
(3) The HRR must be known; it does (8) The heat flow to and through the
not need to be constant, and can be compartment boundaries is
allowed to change with time. unidimensional ( i.e., corners and
(4) Compartment geometry assumes edges are ignored, and the boundaries
that a given space can be analyzed as are assumed to be infinite slabs).
a rectangular space with no beam (9) These methods assume that heat
pockets which affects the smoke filling loss occurs as a result of mass flowing
rate within a space if the space has out through openings. These methods
beam pockets. do not apply to situations in which
(5) These methods predict average significant time passes before hot
temperatures and do not apply to gases begin leaving the compartment
cases in which predication of local through openings.
temperature is desired 125
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
The following assumptions and
limitations apply only to natural
convection situations:
(10) The correlations hold for (12) The smoke layer height
compartment upper layer gas correlation assumes an average
temperatures up to approximately 600 constant value of upper layer density
C (1,112 F) only for naturally throughout the smoke-filling process.
ventilated spaces in which a quasi- (13) The correlation does not allow the
steady balance develops between the
vent to be placed in the ceiling.
rates of mass inflow and outflow from
the hot gas layer. (14) At the EPRI Fire Modeling
Workshop, August 26, 2002 in Seattle,
(11) These correlations assume that
Washington, Mark Salley asked
the fire is located in the center of the
Professor James G. Quintiere (one of
compartment or away from the walls. If
the authors of the MQH method) what
the fire is flush with a wall or in a
limits apply to compartment size when
corner of the compartment, the MQH
using the MQH equation. Professor
correlation is not valid with coefficient
Quintiere replied that the correlation
6.85.
will work for any size compartment
since it is a dimensionless equation.
126
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
The following assumptions and
limitations apply only to forced
convection situations:
127
INPUT NEEDED
The user must obtain the following values before attempting a
calculation using the natural or forced ventilation spreadsheets:
(1) Compartment width (ft)
(2) Compartment length (ft)
(3) Compartment height (ft)
(4) Interior lining material thickness (in)
(6) Fire heat release rate, HRR (kW)
The user must obtain the following values before attempting a
calculation using the natural ventilation spreadsheets:
(7) Vent width (ft)
(8) Vent height (ft)
(9) Top of vent from floor (ft)
The user must obtain the following values before attempting a
calculation using the forced ventilation spreadsheets:
(10) Forced ventilation rate (cfm)
128
PROBLEM SET
129
ESTIMATING SPRINKLER
RESPONSE TIME
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 10)
10_Detector_Activation_Time.xls
130
OBJECTIVES
133
SPRINKLER ACTIVATION
134
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
135
INPUT NEEDED
137
ESTIMATING SMOKE DETECTOR
RESPONSE TIME
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 11)
11_Detector_Activation_Time.xls
138
OBJECTIVES
139
SMOKE DETECTION
140
TIME/DAMAGE
141
SMOKE DETECTORS
Types
Photoelectric light obscuration
Photoelectric light scattering
Projected beam detection
Air sampling detection
Calculations Methods
Method of Albert
Method of Mowrer
Method of Milke
142
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) The fire is steady state.
(2) The forced ventilation system is off. As
ventilation is increased, detector response times
increase.
(3) Both flaming and non-flaming fire sources can
be used.
(4) Caution should be exercised with this method
when the overhead area is highly obstructed.
(5) The detectors are located at or very near to
ceiling.
143
INPUT NEEDED
144
PROBLEM SET
Problem Statement (11.12-1)
Estimate the response time of a smoke detector that
is located 10 ft radially from the centerline of a 1,000-
kW pool fire in a 13-ft-tall compartment.
Solution
(1) Calculate the wall flame height.
(2) Determine whether the flame will impinge upon
the cable tray.
145
ESTIMATING HEAT DETECTOR
RESPONSE TIME
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 12)
12_Detector_Activation_Time.xls
146
OBJECTIVES
147
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Heat detectors are one of the oldest forms of
automatic fire detection devices, and they
typically have the lowest false alarm rate of all
automatic fire detection devices.
Heat detectors are generally located on or near
the ceiling, where they can respond to the
convected thermal energy of a fire.
They may be used in combination with smoke
detectors, since smoke detectors usually activate
before the flames and heat would are sufficient to
alarm the heat detector.
148
TYPES OF DETECTORS
Fixed-temperature
Fusible-element
Continuous Link
Bimetallic
Rate compensation
Rate-of-rise
Pneumatic heat detectors
Line-type detectors
Combination Heat detectors
Electronic spot-type thermal
149
HEAT DETECTOR ACTIVATION
150
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) Plume ceiling jet correlations of temperature and
velocity assume that the fire source is located away from
walls and corners.
(2) Correlations for estimating the maximum ceiling jet
temperature and velocity were developed for steady-state
fires and plumes under unconfined ceiling
(3) The plume ceiling jet correlations are valid for
unconfined flat ceilings.
(4) The correlations for estimating the maximum ceiling
jet temperature and velocity were developed for steady-
state fires and plumes under unconfined ceiling.
(5) The plume ceiling jet correlations are valid for
unconfined ceilings.
151
INPUT NEEDED
152
PROBLEM SET
153
PREDICTING COMPARTMENT
FLASHOVER
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 13)
13_Compartment_Flashover_Calculations.xls
154
OBJECTIVES
PREDICTING COMPARTMENT
FLASHOVER
155
FLASHOVER ONSET
Method of Babrauskas
Method of Thomas
157
OTHER PREDICTIONS
Compartment Post-Flashover Temperatures (Thomas
and Law)
158
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) The correlations were developed from a simplified
mass and energy balance on a single compartment with
ventilation openings.
(2) The experimental data used to develop the correlation
included compartments with thermally thick walls and
fires of wood cribs. Typically, heat transfer through
compartment surfaces is accounted for with a semi-
infinite solid approximation.
(3) The fire severity correlation is not appropriate for
compartment that do not have openings for ventilation.
While no precise minimum can be stated, it is suggested
that this method not be used unless the size of the
opening is at least 0.4 m2 (4 ft2).
159
INPUT NEEDED
160
PROBLEM SET
Problem Statement (13.10-1)
Consider a compartment 20 ft wide x 25 ft
long x 12 ft high (wc x lc x hc), with an opening
3 ft wide
and 8 ft high (wv x hv). The interior lining
material of the compartment is 6 in. concrete.
Calculate
the HRR necessary for flashover and the
post-flashover compartment temperature,
TPFO.
161
ESTIMATING PRESSURE RISE
ATTRIBUTABLE TO A FIRE IN A
CLOSED COMPARTMENT
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 14)
14_Compartment_Over_Pressure_Calculations.xls
162
OBJECTIVES
163
PRINCIPLES
164
CALCULATIONS
165
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
167
PROBLEM SET
168
ESTIMATING THE PRESSURE
INCREASE AND EXPLOSIVE
ENERGY RELEASE ASSOCIATED
WITH EXPLOSIONS
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 15)
15_Explosion_Calculations.xls
169
OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATING THE PRESSURE
INCREASE AND EXPLOSIVE ENERGY
RELEASE ASSOCIATED WITH
EXPLOSIONS
Define the nature and implications of an explosion.
Explain the various causes, hazards, and effects of
explosions.
Explain how to calculate the energy released by an
explosion.
Explain how to calculate the pressure increase
attributable to an explosion.
170
CHARACTERISTICS
A rapid release of high-pressure gases into the
environment (Cruice, 1991).
A sudden conversion of potential energy into kinetic
energy in the form of rapidly expanding gases (NFPA 921).
A physical reaction: high-pressure gas; confinement or
restriction of the pressure; rapid production or release of
pressure; and change or charge to the confining structure,
container, or vessel caused by the pressure release.
(NFPA 921).
An exothermic chemical process that when occurring at
constant volume, gives rise to a sudden and significant
pressure rise (Vervalin, 1985).
171
EXPLOSION CONCEPTS
Explosion Hazards
Explosive Range
Backdraft Explosions
Smoke Explosion
Unconfined/Confined Explosions
Attributable Damage
Estimating Explosive Energy Release
Blast Effects
172
EXPLOSION CALCULATIONS
Energy Release in a Confined Explosion
Blast Effect
D
Dsc 1
W3
TNT
173
BLAST EFFECTS
174
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
175
INPUT NEEDED
176
PROBLEM SET
177
CALCULATING THE RATE OF
HYDROGEN GAS GENERATION IN
BATTERY ROOMS
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 16)
16_Battery_Room_Flammable_Gas_Conc.xl
s
178
OBJECTIVES
179
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
180
CALCULATIONS
Rate of Hydrogen Generation
181
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
(1) Hydrogen gas is primarily generated in battery rooms
as a result of battery overcharge.
(2) The generation of hydrogen environment could occur
if the ventilation flow through the vapor space is
completely stopped or other events allow hydrogen
accumulation.
(3) This method assumes that significant amounts of
hydrogen gas are liberated only when the battery
approaches full charge.
(4) The calculations will produce a first order
approximation.
(5) The battery hydrogen generation equation is based on
one specific vendors recommendations.
182
INPUT NEEDED
183
PROBLEM SET
184
CALCULATING THE FIRE
RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL MEMBERS
(NUREG 1805 -Chap 17)
17_FR_Beams_Columns_Substitution_Correlation.xls
185
OBJECTIVES
CALCULATING THE FIRE RESISTANCE
OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
186
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
188
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS
189
INPUT NEEDED
190
PROBLEM SET
191
FIRE DYNAMICS
TOOLS
(TIER D)
192
HAZARD METHODOLOGY
193