DIETARY MODIFICATION

AND DIET PLAN DURING

PREGNANCY

BY
S.DEEBIYA
II-B.SC (FSN)
15UFN012
 PREGNANCY- AN INTRODUCTION

Pregnancy is the carrying of one or

more offspring, known as a fetus or
embryo, inside the uterus of the
female.
It is the important period where we
should have good nutrition.
Adequate nutrition before and during
pregnancy has greater potential for a
long term health impact than it does
at any other time.
 DIETARY MODIFICATION
DURING PREGNANCY
There is an increased need above the
normal maintenance allowances for
proteins, minerals, vitamins, and
calories for use during pregnancy.
An additional 40,000 calories will be
needed for the entire period.
The diet has to be conformed to the
BASIC FIVE FOOD pattern .
Faulty beliefs and wrong food habits
need to be corrected during
pregnancy.
 Most mothers are concerned enough about
the health of their offspring and have a
high motivation to eat right food.
It has been assumed that an increased
need will be small in the first half of the
pregnancy and might be compensated for
by decreased activity.
In the later half of pregnancy , an increase
of 300 calories per day may be needed.
Under any circumstance , the selection of a
dietary program should be made in co-
operation with a physician and nutritionist.
It is important that the diet should meet
the Basic Five Food Group.
FOOD GUIDE PYRAMID
NO. OF SERVINGS OF
FOOD
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS DURING
PREGNANCY
 NUTRIENTS NEEDS DURING
PREGNANCY
Your body goes through numerous physical and
hormonal changes during pregnancy.
The way you nourish your body during this time
will affect the health of both you and your baby.
You must eat a healthful, balanced diet to help
ensure you stay healthy throughout your
pregnancy. The food you eat is also the main
source of nourishment for your baby, so its
critical to consume foods that are rich in
nutrients.
Proper nutrition can help promote your baby's
growth and development. By following some
fairly easy nutrition guidelines, you can be on
your way to a healthy pregnancy.
 NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
NUTRIENTS NORMAL ADULT PREGNANT WOMAN
WOMAN
ENERGY(Kcals)
SEDANTARY 1875 +300
MODERATE 2225 +300
HEAVY 2925 +300
PROTEIN(g) 50 +15
FAT(g) 20 30
CALCIUM(mg) 400 1000
IRON(mg) 30 38
RETINOL(mcg) 600 600
BETA 2400 2400
CAROTENE(mcg)
THIAMINE(mg)
SEDANTARY 0.9 +0.2
 NUTRIENT NORMAL ADULT PREGNANT WOMAN
WOMAN
HEAVY 1.2 +0.2
RIBOFLAVIN(mg)
SEDANTARY 1.1 +0.2
MODERATE 1.3 +0.2
HEAVY 1.5 +0.2
NIACIN(mg)
SEDANTARY 12 +2
MODERATE 14 +2
HEAVY 16 +2
PYRIDOXINE(mg) 2.0 2.5
ASCORBIC 40 40
ACID(mg)
FOLIC ACID(mcg) 100 400
VITAMIN B12 (mcg) 1 1.5
IODINE (g) 150 150
SELENIUM(mcg) 70 80
 ENERGY ;
Energy needs during
pregnancy increases
because of the ;
Growth and physical
activity of the foetus,
Growth of the placenta
and maternal tissue,
Additional work involved
in carrying the weight of
the foetus and extra
maternal tissue and ,
An additional daily
requirement is 300 kcal
(in second and third
trimester).
 PROTEIN
Protein is critical for
ensuring the proper
growth of fetal tissue,
includingthe brain.
It also helps with breast
and uterine tissue
growth
duringpregnancy.
It even plays a role in
moms increasing blood
supply, allowing more
blood to be sent to their
baby.
An additional 60 mg is
required during
pregnancy.
 FAT
Additional requirement of fat is
not necessary during
pregnancy .
Since the foetal organs ,
especially the liver and brain
,contain phospholipids rich in
essential fatty acids, a normal
balanced diet satisfies this
demand.
A diet of pregnant woman should
 CALCIUM
Calcium helps build babys
bones and regulates
bodys use of fluids.
Increased intake of
calcium by the mother is
highly essential not only
for the calcification of
foetal bones and teeth but
also for the protection of
calcium resources of the
mother to meet the high
demands during lactation.
An additional 1200 mg is
required during
pregnancy.
 IRON
Iron works with sodium,
potassium, and water
to increase blood flow.
This helps ensure that
enough oxygen is
supplied to both mums
to be and their baby.
To avoid iron deficiency
a woman should enter
pregnancy with a store
of atleast 300mg of
iron.
An additional 30mg of
iron is required during
pregnancy.
 IODINE
Iodine is needed in very
small but essential
amounts by the human
body. Iodine is essential
to the production of
thyroid hormone, which
regulates body
temperature, metabolic
rate, reproduction,
growth, blood cell
production and nerve and
muscle function.
The Government
recommends pregnant
women should take an
iodine supplement of 150
micrograms each day.
 ZINC
Zinc is a component of
various enzymes that
help maintain structural
integrity of proteins and
help regulate gene
expression, so getting
enough is particularly
important for the rapid
cell growth that occurs
during pregnancy.
The average requirement
for zinc during pregnancy
is 9mg/day but some
women will need as much
as 11mg/day or more
 VITAMIN-A
Normal requirements of vitamin-A for
an adult woman is 4800g and during
pregnancy it is increased to 6400g.
Same level is suggested during
pregnancy.
Improving vitamin A status of pregnant
woman reduces maternal mortality.
Excess vitamin A should not be taken
during pregnancy.
Liver, Egg yolk, Butter, Dark green and
yellow vegetables and fruits are good
sources of vitamin A.
 VITAMIN-D&E
VITAMIN -D
Pregnant woman need
vitamin D to keep their
bones healthy and to provide
their baby with enough
vitamin D for the first few
months of its life. Vitamin D
regulates the amount of
calcium and phosphate in the
body, and these are needed
to help keep bones and teeth
healthy.
The best source of vitamin D
is summer sunlight.
For most women, daily
sunlight combined with a
pregnancy supplement
containing 400 I.U Vitamin D
will be enough.
VITAMIN-E
It has an important role
to play in the
reproductive process and
reduces the number of
spontaneous abortions
and still births.
Very little vitamin E
crosses the placenta ,so
infant has low tissue
concentrations that
persist up to at least 6
years.
Requirement of vitamin E
increases with increased
intake of PUFA.
 VITAMIN -K
It is essential for the
synthesis of
prothrombin that is
necessary for normal
coagulation of blood.
An oral dosage of
menadione ( synthetic
form of vitamin K )
during the last weeks
of pregnancy or an
injection during labour
is essential to
stimulate prothrombin
synthesis.
 THIAMINE RIBOFLAVIN
For a pregnant woman
For a pregnant woman RDA is increased by
the requirement is 0.3mg/day.
increased by Riboflavin is present in
0.2mg/day. higher amounts in the
The normal urinary foetal blood than in
excretion of thiamine maternal blood.
drops indicating that Requirements are
more is being retained increased due to
and used by tissues. increase in maternal
In some cases body size and growth
thiamine helps to of foetus and
relieve the nausea of accessory tissues.
pregnancy.
 VITAMIN
NIACIN B6

For a pregnant ICMR suggested

woman RDA is for pregnancy is
increased by 2.5mg/day.
2mg In hypertrophy ,
,corresponding when the cells
to the increase are growing in
in calories. size , pyridoxine
The conversion and amino acid
of amino acid are required.
into niacin is
more efficient
during
 DIETARY FOLATE
Folate, commonly
known as folic acid,
plays an important part
in reducing the risk of
neural tube defects.
These are major birth
defects that affect the
babys brain and spinal
cord. Examples of
neural tube defects
includespina bifida
and anencephaly.
ICMR recommendations
during pregnancy is
400g.
 VITAMIN B12
Normal adult
womans
requirement of
vitamin B12 is
1g and this
requirement
remains the same
during pregnancy.
The capacity of
woman to absorb
B12 is increased
during pregnancy
and a large
amount is
transferred to a
foetus.
 VITAMIN -C
The need for vitamin C is
increased in pregnancy due to
larger blood volume in the
mother and the growth of the
unborn baby. Vitamin C is
important for the formation of
collagen which is especially
important in blood vessels.
Vitamin C also improves
adsorption of iron from your
diet.
The average requirement for
vitamin C during pregnancy is
40mg/day but because of
individual variation, some
women may need 60mg/day or
more. Excellent dietary
sources of vitamin C include
fruit and vegetables.
 FIBRE & FLUIDS
women experience
constipation especially
during the later parts
of pregnancy. A high
fibre intake Some
combined with plenty
of fluid is encouraged
to help prevent this.
High fibre foods
include wholegrain
breads and cereal
products, legumes,
nuts, vegetables and
fruit.
Sample Diet plan for mums to-be
 CONCLUSION
Pregnancy is an important period where
we should take care of our health.
Good nutrition is most important for
both mums-to-be and for baby.
Her pregnancy should meet all the
required nutrients in correct proportion
This is the best period where mother is
willing to practice the principles of
balanced diet.
 REFERENCES
HANDBOOK OF DIET THERAPY- DOROTHEA
TURNER pg. no-20 third edition The
university of Chicago committee publication.
DIET THERAPY AND NUTRITION -CAROLYNN E.
TOWNSEND pg. no. 171-sixth edition
Delmar publication.
A TEXT BOOK OF FOODS ,NUTRITION AND
DIETETICS M. RAHEENA BEGAM pg. no.-30
third edition Sterling publication.
DIETETICS B. SRILAKSHMI pg. no.-116
seventh edition New age international
publication.
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