LECTURE 3-B

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF

SLABS (TWO-WAY)

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

A slab is structural element whose thickness is

small compared to its own length and width.
Slabs are usually used in floor and roof
construction.

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TYPES OF TWO-WAY SLABS

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

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 ACI DESIGN METHOD

The ACI Code (13.5.1.1) specifies two methods for designing two-way slabs for
gravity loads. These are the direct design method and the equivalent frame
method.
Direct Design Method
The code (13.6) provides a procedure with which a set of moment coefficients
can be determined. The method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment
distribution analysis of the structure based on
a) the estimated flexural stiffnesses of the slabs, beams (if any), and columns
b) the torsional stiffnesses of the slabs and beams (if any) transverse to the direction in
which flexural moments are being determined.
)Some types of moment coefficients have been used satisfactorily for many
years for slab design. They do not, however, give very satisfactory results for
slabs with unsymmetrical dimensions and loading patterns.
Equivalent Frame Method
In this method, a portion of a structure is taken out by itself, and analyzed. The
same stiffness values used for the direct design method are used for the
equivalent frame method. This latter method, which is very satisfactory for
symmetrical frames as well as for those with unusual dimensions or loadings.

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 DIERECT DESIGN METHOD

For the moment coefficients determined by the direct design

method to be applicable, the ACI code (13.6.1) says that the
following limitations must be met.
1. There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
2. The panels must be rectangular, with the length of the longer
side of any panel not being more than two times the length of
its shorter side lengths being measured c to c of supports.
3. Span lengths of successive spans in each direction may not
differ in length by more than one-third of the longer span.
4. Columns may not be offset by more than 10% of the span
length in the direction of the offset from either axis between
center lines of successive columns.
5. The unfactored live load must not be more than two times the
unfactored dead load. All loads must be the result of gravity and
must be uniformly distributed over an entire panel.

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 DIERECT DESIGN METHOD

6.If a panel is supported on all sides by beams, the relative stiffness of those
beams in the two perpendicular directions, as measured by the following
expression, shall not be less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0.
f 1l22
f 2l12
Where is the ratio of flexural stiffness of a beam section to the flexural
stiffness of the slab section. bounded laterally by the centerlines of the panels
on each side of the beam.
Ecb lb
f
Ecs ls
= the gross moment of inertia of the beam section about the centroidal axis
= the moment of inertia of the gross section of the slab.

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 COLUMN & MIDDLE STRIP

After the design moments have been determined by

either the direct design method or the equivalent frame
method, they are distributed across each panel. The
panels are divided into column and middle strips and
positive and negative moments are estimated in each
strip.
The extend of column and middle strip in a panel is
defined by ACI Code section 13.2.
The column strip is a slab with a width on each side of
the column centerline equal to one-fourth the smaller
of the panel dimensions or .
= Span length, c/c of supports, in the direction moments are
being determined.
= Span length, c/c of supports, in the direction
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perpendicular to
COLUMN & MIDDLE STRIP

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 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

The
ACT Code, Section 9.5.3, specifies a minimum slab
thickness in two-way slabs to control deflection. The
magnitude of a slab's deflection depends on many
variables, including the flexural stiffness of the slab,
which in tum is a function of the slab thickness, h. By
increasing the slab thickness, the flexural stiffness of the
slab is increased, and consequently the slab deflection is
reduced. fy
ln (0.8
)
1. For 2, the thickness
h 200000
shall not ACIbe less than.
9-12
36 5 [ m 0.2]

But not less than 5.0 inches

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 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

2. For > 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than

fy
ln (0.8 )
h 200000 ACI 9-13
36 9

But not less than 3.5 inches

= Ratio of clear span in long direction to clear span in
short direction
= Average value of for all beams on edges of panel.

3. For < 0.2

h =minimum slab thickness without interior beams
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 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

where.
ln = clear span in the long direction measured face to face of
columns (or face to face of beams for slabs with beams)
= the ratio of the long to the short clear spans

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 TOTAL STATIC MOMENT

If a simply supported beam carries a uniformly

distributed load w K/ft, then the maximum positive
bending moment occurs at mid span and equals,

ln2
ACI Code Eq. 13.4M o ( wu l2 )
8

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 TOTAL STATIC MOMENT

In a typical interior panel, the total static moment, is

divided into two moments, the positive moment, at
mid span, equal to 0.35, and the negative moment, , at
each support, equal to 0.65.

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

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 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

The apportionment of Mo among three critical sections

(interior negative, positive, and exterior negative)
depends on
1. Flexural restraint provided for slab by the exterior column or
the exterior wall.
2. Presence or absence of beams on the column lines.

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 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

If the magnitudes of the

negative moments on
opposite sides of an
interior support are
different because of
unequal span lengths,
the ACI Code specifies
that the larger moment
should be considered to
calculate the required
reinforcement.

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 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

In an exterior panel, the slab load is applied to the

exterior column from one side only, causing an
unbalanced moment and a rotation at the exterior joint.
Consequently, there will be an increase in the positive
moment at mid span and in the negative moment at
the first interior support.
1 1
M o M p M n 0.63M o (0.75M o )
2 2

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 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

The longitudinal moment values mentioned in the

previous section are for the entire width of the
equivalent building frame. This frame width is the sum
of the widths of two half-column strips and two half-
middle strips of two adjacent panels.
Distribution factors applied to static moment Mo for
positive & negative moments in end span.

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

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SHEAR STRENGTH OF SLAB

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