Chemical Process

Technology II

CEP 312

Lecture 12
Coating Process
Paints
Paints are stable mechanical mixtures of
one or more pigments. The main function
of the pigments is to impart the desired
color and to protect the film from
penetrating radiation, such as UV
rays. The pigments and the extenders are
carried or suspended in drying oils called
vehicle.

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Constituents of paints
1) Pigments: Pigments are various inorganic or organic insoluble
substances which are widely used in surface coatings. They protect
the film by reflecting the destructive ultra violet light to strengthen
the film. Various pigments used for making paints are:

)White White lead, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, lithopone.

)Red Red lead, iron oxides, cadmium reds, rouge etc.
)Blue Ultramarine, cobalt blues, iron blues, etc.
)Green Chromium oxide, chrome green, phthalocyanine green etc.
)Yellow Litharge, lead or zinc chromates, ochre etc.
)Black Carbon black, lamp black, furnace black etc.
)Orange Basic lead chromate, cadmium orange etc.
)Brown Burnt umber, burnt sienna etc.
)Metallics Copper powder, zinc dust, aluminium etc.
)Metal protective pigments Red lead, blue lead, zinc and basic
lead etc.

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Constituents of paints
2) Extenders or fillers: The extenders or
fillers are added to the paint in order to
decrease the cost of the paint and to
supplement the pigment in increasing
the covering and weathering power of
the film. The various extenders used
are: talc, china clay, gypsum, silica,
barite, glass flakes, asbestos and
anhydrite etc.

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Constituents of paints
3) Film forming materials: The vehicle or
film forming materials serve as a dual
purpose in the surface coating
formulations. They act as carriers for the
pigments and as formers of the
protective films. Examples linseed oil,
soyabean oil, tung oil, talc oil, castor oil,
varnishes, casein, fish oil, etc are used
as vehicles or drying oils.

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Constituents of paints
4) Driers: Certain driers (which are oxygen
carriers) have also been used in the paint, in
order to accelerate the drying of the film through
oxidation and polymerization. The unsaturated
drying oils polymerize by a reaction mechanism
which involves a peroxide intermediate.

5) Thinners or Diluents: Thinners are added to

the paint in order to dissolve film forming
material and to thin concentrated paints for
better handling. It is also used to suspend
pigments.

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Constituents of paints
6) Antiskinning agents: They are added
to the paint in order to prevent gelling
and skinning of the finished product
before application of the paint by
brushing.

7) Plasticizers: Plasticizers provide

elasticity to the film and thus prevent
cracking of the paint.

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Constituents of paints
8) Resins: A variety of resins are also added
in various surface coating formulation.
Resins are not essentially required for oil
base paints. Water base paints depend on
them as the film forming materials.

9) Binders: Binders act to fix the paint on

the coated surface and provide tough,
tenacious and glossy film on the surface
being painted.

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Constituents of paints
10) Extenders: Extenders such as clay,
talc, barytes etc are added to the paint
mix in order to prevent the cracking of
the film when dry.

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Varnishes
A varnish may be regarded as an
unpigmented colloidal dispersion or
solution of natural or synthetic (or both)
resins in oils in absence or presence of
thinners.

They are used as a protective or

decorating coating for various surfaces.

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Constituents of Varnishes
1) Film forming materials: These are
drying oils and resins. The purpose and
function of the film forming materials is
to form a protective film. They also act
as binders for pigments when the
solvents are evaporated and the varnish
oil is dried.

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Constituents of Varnishes
2) Solvents and Thinners: These are
necessary for dissolving the resins and
control of flow characteristics, i.e.,
viscosity of film forming materials.

3) Driers: These are used only in case of

oleoresinuous varnishes to increase the
rate of drying or hardening of the
varnish film.

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Constituents of Varnishes
4) Antiskinning agents: These are
guaiacol and tertiary amyl phenol.

5) Plasticizers: These are used in the

manufacture of spirit varnishes to
prevent film brittleness. Tricresyl
phosphate, dibutylphthalate etc are used
as plasticizers.

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Lacquer
Lacquer is a liquid coating composition
containing the basic film forming
ingredients cellulose esters or ethers and
plasticizers, with or without resin. Lacquers
employ aliphatic chemicals, such as ethers,
esters, ketones and alcohols to provide the
desired controlled volatility.

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