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Insulators which
acts as Capacitors
Intermediate PT
P S
Lightning Arrestors
Purpose :
- To discharge the high voltage surges in the
power
system due to lightning to the ground.
Apparatus to be protected :
* Overhead linesEarth/Ground wires
(PA=30 deg)
* HV equipmentLAs
* Substation...Lightning Masts, Earth
wires
Types :
r L in e
e
Pow
Rod gap LA :
* Gap length is such
that the break-down Insulator
occurs at 80% of the Rod gap
spark voltage
* After the surge, the Equipment
arc in the gap is body
maintained by the
normal supply
voltage. So, only used
as a back-up.
Earth Switches
Source
Isolator Isolator Load
CB
Earth S/W
Wave Trap
Transmission Line
S/S-1 S/S-2
Wave Wave
Trap Trap
30KHZ TO 500KHZ
STATION BUS
LMU IMPEDENCE 75 OHMS
PLC
C
Modes
of
Transmission
AC transmission
Advantages
- Power can be generated at high voltages.
- Step-up/Step-down is possible.
Disadvantages
- Requires more copper.
- Due to Skin effect, the effective resistance
is increased
- Continuous loss of power due to charging current
even
when the line is open.
- Requirement of Transposition of conductors.
DC transmission
Advantages
- Low cost due to less copper requirement
- No Stability and synchronising problems.
- Asynchronous lines (Interregional ties)
- No increase in Fault level if interconnected.
- Less Corona and RI.
- Better Voltage regulation due to absence of
Inductance.
- Requires less insulation as the potential stress is
less
Disadvantages
- Higher generation is not possible due to
commutation
- Step-up/Step-down is not possible.
- Limitations in HVDC CBs, Switches etc.