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carried by the
Anopheles Mosquito
A killer of around
500,000 people a
year
Spatial distribution of Malaria
Temp of between
Malaria was spread to The
16 32c for
Americas from Africa by the
parasite to
Slave Trade.
develop.
Distribution
of Malaria in
Africa
Spatial Diffusion of Malaria
How is the disease of Malaria spread around?
Spatial Diffusion of Malaria
Malaria is an example of contagious diffusion.
Possible vaccine?
Source reduction
Small-scale drainage Environmental sanitation, water management, drainage
Social participation
Motivation for personal Health education, and family protection community
participation
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38796337
A farmer in Uganda looks over his field of Artemesia.
Chinese Scientists have discovered that the Artemesia
herb can be processed into a drug (Artemesinin
Combination Therapies ACTs) that can treat malaria
and save thousands of lives each day in Africa.
9 December 2014
Halving of malaria deaths tremendous achievement
Global efforts have halved the number of people dying from malaria - a tremendous achievement,
the World Health Organization says.
It says between 2001 and 2013, 4.3 million deaths were averted, 3.9 million of which were children
under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa.
Each year, more people are being reached with life-saving malaria interventions, the WHO says.
In 2004, 3% of those at risk had access to mosquito nets, but now 50% do.
Villagers from the Highlands in Papua New Guinea NG have been trained to detect and treat the
disease in the community
There has been a scaling up of diagnostic testing, and more people now are able to receive
medicines to treat the parasitic infection, which is spread by the bites of infected mosquitoes.
An increasing number of countries are moving towards malaria elimination.
In 2013, two countries - Azerbaijan and Sri Lanka - reported zero indigenous cases for the first
time, and 11 others (Argentina, Armenia, Egypt, Georgia, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Oman,
Paraguay, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) succeeded in maintaining zero cases.
In Africa, where 90% of all malaria deaths occur, infections have decreased significantly.
Final thoughts
Increasing international travel and trade.
Problems of resistance to drugs and lack of
funding (http://www.bbc.com/news/health-
38796337) .
Increasing human habitation and irrigated
agriculture.
Affect of climate change.
Impact of the MDGs
Can the SDGs help in the fight against malaria?
SDG 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and
combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other
communicable diseases
Target 6.C:
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the
incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Between 2000 and 2015, the substantial expansion of malaria
interventions led to a 58 per cent decline in malaria mortality rates
globally.
Since 2000, over 6.2 million deaths from malaria were averted,
primarily in children under five years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Due to increased funding, more children are sleeping under
insecticide-treated bed nets in sub-Saharan Africa.
Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions have
saved some 37 million lives between 2000 and 2013.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-
development/2015/jun/18/millennium-development-goal-6-15-
achievements-on-hiv-and-malaria
The number of malaria deaths globally fell from an estimated 839
000 in 2000 (range: 653 0001.1 million), to 438 000 in 2015
(range: 236 000635 000), a decline of 48%.
Most deaths in 2015 were in the WHO African Region (90%),
followed by the WHO South-East Asia Region (7%) and the
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (2%). The malaria mortality
rate, which takes into account population growth, is estimated to
have decreased by 60% globally between 2000 and 2015. Thus,
substantial progress has been made towards the World Health
Assembly target of reducing the malaria burden by 75% by 2015,
and the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership target of reducing
deaths to near zero.
Malaria parasite sucked
up by the female
Anopheles mosquito when
it bites an infected person. Parasite spores
form in the gut of
mosquito.
Merozoites pour from the
liver and breed in Red
blood cells, damaging
them and causing ill Malaria spores
health possibly death. injected into
another human by
mosquito bite.
Pass through
blood to the liver.
Each spore develops
into 20,000
merozoites
J Gillett 2005