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A seminar on,

Shear Centre
Prepared by,
M.prasannakumar
Venkatesha.A
(1RV13CSE06)

Under the guidance of,


M.V.Renuka devi
Professor

Dept. of Civil Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore

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Introduction
Most examples of beam bending involve
beams with the symmetric cross sections.
However, there are an ever increasing number
of cases where the cross section of a beam is
not symmetric about any axis.
If the cross section of the beam does not have
a plane of symmetry, the displacements of the
beam get increasingly complicated.

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Fig.1 Effect of loading at shear center

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Effect of loading at shear center

Case1: The displacement consists of both


translation down and anticlockwise twist.
Case2: The displacement consists of both
translation down and clockwise twist.
Somewhere in-between these two extremes we
would expect a point that we could apply the
load and produce only a twisting .This point is
called shear center .

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Fig. 2. Effects of loads on unsymmetrical section.

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Effect of loading at shear center

The flexural formula =My/I is valid only if the


transverse loads which give rise to bending act in
a plane of symmetry of beam cross section.
In this type of loading there is obviously no
torsion of the beam.
In more general cases the beam cross section will
have no axis of symmetry and the problem of
where to apply the load so that the action is
entirely bending with no torsion arises .
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Advantages of loading the beam at the
shear center
The path of any deflection is more
obvious.
The beam translates only straight
downward. The standard deflection
formulas can be used to calculate the
amount of deflection.
The flexural formula can be used to
calculate the stress in the beam.

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Shear Center for Axis Symmetry

Every elastic beam cross-section has a point


through which transverse forces may be applied
so as to produce bending only, with no torsion of
the beam. The point is called the shear center
of the beam.
The shear center for any transverse section of the
beam is the point of intersection of the bending
axis and the lane of the transverse section. Shear
center is also called center of twist.

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Flexure axis or bending axis
Flexural axis of a beam is the longitudinal
axis through which the transverse bending
loads must pass in order that the bending of
the beam shall not be accompanied by
twisting of the beam.
In Fig.3 ABCD is a plane containing the
principal centroidal axis of inertia and plane
ABCD is the plane containing the loads.
These loads will cause unsymmetrical
bending. In Fig.3 AD is the flexural axis [2].

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Fig.3 Flexural axis or bending axis

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Classification on the basis of symmetry

Double symmetrical section


Single symmetrical section
Unsymmetrical section

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Fig.4 Two axis symmetry[7]

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Fig.5 One axis symmetry & unsymmetrical section[7]

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Shear center or Center of flexure

Beam carries loads which are


transverse to the axis of the beam
and which cause not only normal
stresses due to flexure but also
transverse shear stresses in any
section.
Consider the cantilever beam shown
in Fig.7 carrying a load at the free
end. In general, this will cause both
bending and twisting.
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Fig. 6 Cantilever beam loaded with force P

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Shear center or Center of flexure

Let
Ox be centroidalaxis .The load, in
general will, at any section, cause:
1. Normal stress due to flexure;
2. Shear stresses and due to the
transverse nature of the loading; and
3. Shear stresses and due to torsion.
4. To arrive at the solution, we assume that
- ,===0
This is known as St.Venants assumption.

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Shear center or Center of flexure

A position can be established for which no


rotation occurs .
If a transverse force is applied at this point, we
can resolve it into two components parallel to
the y and z axis and note from the above
discussion that these components do not produce
the rotation of centroidal elements of the cross
sections of the beam. This point is called the
shear center of flexure or flexural centre.
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Fig. 7 Load P passing through shear centre

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Shear center for a Channel section

Fig. 8 Beam of Chanel cross section.


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Shear center for a Channel section

F1= (a/2) bt, and sum of vertical shear stresses


over area of web is,
F3=
F1h=Fe and F=F3
e = = = =e=

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Shear center for a Channel section
I= Iweb + 2 Iflange =
t + 2[ (1/12) b1 + b1 t (h/2)^2
=(1/12) t (6b + h)
So finally, e= =
Here e is independent of the magnitude of applied force F
as well as of its location along the beam.
The shear center for any cross section lies on a longitudinal
line parallel to the axis of the beam.
The procedure of locating the shear center consists of
determining the shear forces , as F1 and F3 at a section and
then finding the location of the external forces as F1 and
F3,at a section and then finding the location of the external
force necessary to keep these forces in equilibrium.

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Shear center for I-section:

Fig. 9 Beam of Chanel cross section.

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Shear center for I-section:

Assuming an I section of cross-sections mentioned in


figure,
For equilibrium,F1 + F2 =F
Likewise to have no twist of the section,From MA=0,
Fe1 =Fe2h & Fe2= F1h,
Since the area of a parabola is (2/3) of the base times the
maximum altitude.
F2= (2/3) b2 (q2) max
Since V=F
(q2) max= VQ/I =FQ/I

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Shear center for I-section
Where
Q is the statical moment of the upper half
of the right hand flange and I is the moment of
inertia of the whole section. Hence
Fe=F2h= (2/3) b2 (q2) max
e1= (2hb2Q)/(3I)= (2h b2/3I) (b2 t2 /2 ) (b2/4) =
h/I (t2 b2)
Where I2 is the moment of inertia of the right
hand flange around the central axis.
e2=h ( I1/ I )
Where I1 is the moment of inertia of left hand
flange.
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Shear Centers for a few other sections

Thin walled inverted T-section, the distribution


of shear stress due to transverse shear will be
as shown in Fig.11 .
The moment of this distributed stress about C
is obviously zero. Hence, the shear center for
this section is C.

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Fig .10. Location of shear centre for inverted T-section and angle section.

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Fig.11 Twisting effect on some cross-sections if load is
not applied through shear center.

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1. Determination of the shear centre for the
channel section shown in figure below.

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Solution
e=
Here b1 =10-1=9cm
h =15-1=14cm
w =1cm
t =1cm
e = =3.57 cm

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2.Locating the shear centre of the cross section shown in figure.

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Solution
H2
=
=dA =dA
== 58.5(F/I)
H1 ==104(F/I)
Taking moments about point D, we get
FR e = 2 (H1 H2) 6.5
=2(104-58.5)6.5 X (F/I)
Now FR= F
e = =591.5/I
I = 2[+ 14 X ]+
=1303.251
e = 591.5 / 1303.251 = 0.454 cm

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3.Determination of shear centre for a circular open
section

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Solution
The
static moment of the crossed section is,
Qz=
=R^2 . t (1-cos)
Iyz=0,
= ( F/t Iz ) R^2 t (1-cos )
But Iz = . R^3. T
Hence)
When
= 2F / (
M=
=
= 2 FR

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Conclusion

The shear center is having practical significance in the


study of behavior of beams with section comprising of
thin parts, such as channels, angles, I-sections, which
are having less resistance to torsion but high resistance
to flexure.
To prevent twisting of any beam cross-section, the
load must be applied through the shear centre.
It is not necessary, in general, for the shear centre to
lie on the principal axis, and it may be located outside
the cross section of the beam.

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References
1. Alok Gupta (2004) , Advanced strength of materials, Umesh Publications,
First Edition.
2. LS Srinath, Advanced Mechanics of solids, 15 th edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Timoshenko & JN Goodier (1997), Mechanics of solids, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. S.S.Bhavikatti,Structural Analysis ,Vol.2.
5. Vazrani and Ratwani Analysis of structures,Vol 2.
6. B.C.Punmia & A.K.Jain . Strength of materials and Theory of structures,
Vol.2Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.
7. James Gere & Barry Goodno, Mechanics of materials, Google Books.
8. A.C. Ugral ,Advanced Mechanics of Materials and Applied Elasticity,Fifth
Edition, Safari Books Online.
9. http://gaia.ecs.csus.edu/-ce113/steel -shear.pdf
10.http://www.me.mtu.edu/-mavable/Spring03/chap6.pdf
11. Jaehong Lee, Centre of gravity and shear centre,
www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct.

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