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Joining of Steel
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Structural Steel
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4.0 4.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a
Structural Steel Framing 4.2 skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story to
skyscrapers. Because structural steel is difficult to work with on site, it
Steel Columns &
is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a fabrication shop according to
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design specifications; this can result in relatively fast, precise
Steel Beams & construction of a structural frame. Structural steel may be left exposed
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in unprotected non-combustible construction, but because steel can
Open-Web Steel Joists lose strength rapidy in a fire, fire-rated assemblies or coatings are
required to qualify as fire-resistive construction.
Metal Decking
The three major types of framing systems are the following:
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames 4.2.1 One-Way Beam System each
pair of external columns supports a
Structural Steel Framing
Systems long-spanning beam or girders. This
form of construction is suitable for
Joining of Steel long, narrow buildings, especially
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when a column-free space is desired.
The absence of columns in the interior
is an advantage in structures such as
car parks, as freedom from
obstruction makes for greater and
safer maneuverability, besides
allowing the layout of the parking
spaces to be altered at any time.
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4.2.2 Two-Way Beam System a two-layer system, where beams
Structural Steel Shapes frame into girders, increases floor depth considerably and provides
Structural Steel Framing 4.2 more space for mechanical systems. Steel girders span the short axis
of a building bay thus contributing to the lateral stability of the structure.
Steel Columns &
Connections
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Structural Steel Shapes 4.2.3 Three-Way Beam System is used when a large column-
Structural Steel Framing 4.2 free space is required, where long-spanning plate girders or
trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn
Steel Columns &
Connections support a layer of secondary beams.
Steel Beams &
Connection
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Joining of Steel
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Girders may be built up of angles and plates riveted together for long spans
Structural Steel Shapes and for unusual cases of very heavy loading. Those are of two types:
Structural Steel Framing
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b. Box Girders. This is a built up
beam in which more than one web
plate is used.
Structural Steel
4.0 Beams and girders may be connected to columns by either seated connections or
Construction
framed connections.
Structural Steel Shapes In a seated connection the bottom flange of the beam rests on and is field-riveted
to an angle shop-riveted to the flange or web of the column. Another angle is field-
Structural Steel Framing riveted to the column and to the top flange of the beam.
In a framed connection the web of the beam or girder is connected by angles or by
Steel Columns &
Connections gusset-plates to the column. In framed connections, angle seats are usually shop-
riveted to the columns to hold the beam or girder during erection.
Steel Beams &
4.4
Connection 4.4.2 STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS
Open-Web Steel Joists
Moment Connections AISC Type 1 also called Rigid Frame
Metal Decking connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing
a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames the beam flanges and the supporting column.
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Construction 2. Shear Connections AISC Type 2 Simple Frame connections are made
Structural Steel Shapes to resist only shear and are free to rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls or
diagonal bracing is required for lateral stability of the structure.
Structural Steel Framing
Metal Decking
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4.6 METAL DECKING
Structural Steel Shapes
Joining of Steel
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4.6.1 Form Decking serves as a
Structural Steel Shapes permanent formwork for a reinforced
concrete slab until the slab can
Structural Steel Framing
support itself and its live load.
Steel Columns &
Connections 4.6.2 Composite Decking
serves as a tensile reinforcement
Steel Beams &
Connection
for the concrete slab to which it is
bonded with embossed rib pattern.
Open-Web Steel Joists Composite action between the
Metal Decking 4.6
concrete slab and the floor beams
or joists can be achieved by
Steel Trusses and Rigid welding shear studs through the
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decking to the supporting beam
Structural Steel Framing below.
Systems
4.6.3 Cellular Decking is
Joining of Steel manufactured by welding a corrugated
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sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a
series of spaces or raceways for
electrical and communications wiring;
special cutouts are available for floor
outlets. The decking may serve as an
acoustic ceiling when the perforated
cells are filled with glass fiber.
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Construction 4.7 STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel Shapes
4.7.1 ROOF TRUSSES
Structural Steel Framing
A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of straight members
Steel Columns &
Connections so arranged and fastened together that external loads applied to it will
cause only direct stress in the members. The upper and lower members of
Steel Beams & a truss are called the top chord and bottom chord respectively. The
Connection
members of the truss which are framed between and join the top and
Open-Web Steel Joists bottom members are called web members.
Metal Decking
When the external loads act downward and the truss is supported at the
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7 ends, the top chord is always in compression and the lower chord always in
Frames tension, similar to the upper and lower flanges of a beam. The web-
Structural Steel Framing members are subjected to stresses of either tension or compression. Web-
Systems members subjected to tensile stresses are called tension web-members;
those which are subjected to compression are called compression web-
Joining of Steel
Members members. In certain positions, a web-member may be subjected to tension
through the action of a load applied at one point, and when applied at
another point that load may produce compression in the member so that at
one time it will be subjected to tension and at another time to compression.
Such a member, design to resist either tension or compression, is called a
counterbrace. A member of a truss system which acts only for a particular
partial loading, and which has a zero stress when the truss is completely
loaded is called a counter.
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Structural Steel Shapes When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together with
Structural Steel Framing its columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.
Steel Columns & The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called a
Connections
joint or panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints along
Steel Beams & either the top or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel length. The
Connection quadrangular space, crossed by an inclined web-member, is also referred
Open-Web Steel Joists to as a panel. The axes of all members at each joint should always meet in
a common point.
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7 The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the
Frames supports and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and the
line joining the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the ratio of the
Structural Steel Framing
Systems rise to the span for a truss symmetrical about its center line. The slope of
an inclined member is the tangent of the angle of inclination with the
Joining of Steel horizontal, usually specified in inches rise per 12 run.
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The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.
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4.7.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES
Structural Steel Shapes
Steel Beams & 1. Complete Frame. A complete structural frame, or truss, is one in
Connection
which is made up of the minimum number of members required to
Open-Web Steel Joists provide a complete system of triangles fixing the relative positions of a
given number of panel joints. If the number of panel points in the given
Metal Decking
structure and n = the number of necessary members.
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7 n = 2p 3
Frames 2. Incomplete Frame. One in which the number of members is less than
Structural Steel Framing
that required by the equation given above.
Systems
3. Redundant Frame. A redundant frame is one which contains more
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members than that required by the equation given above.
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B. RELATIVE TO FORM
Structural Steel Shapes
1. Triangular
Structural Steel Framing
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4. Scissors
5. Arched
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Construction C. RELATIVE TO METHOD OF SUPPORT
Structural Steel Shapes
1. Simple Truss. A truss supported at each end-point.
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns & 2. Overhanging end span. A truss supported at one end-joint and other joint not
Connections an end-joint.
Steel Beams &
Connection 3. Cantilever span. A truss where the entire support is at one end only.
SCISSORS
PETTIT
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Construction 4.6.3 RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel Shapes
Rigid frames consist of two columns and a beam or girder that are rigidly
Structural Steel Framing connected at their joints. Applied loads produce axial, bending and shear forces
in all members of the frame since the rigid joints restrain the ends of the
Steel Columns &
Connections members from rotating freely. In addition, vertical loads cause a rigid frame to
develop horizontal thrusts at its base. A rigid frame is statically indeterminate and
Steel Beams & rigid only in its plane.
Connection
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Construction 4.8.2 STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM
Structural Steel Shapes
The framing system can be stiffened against horizontal forces in the following
Structural Steel Framing three (3) methods:
Steel Columns &
Connections 1. The structure is composed of rigid frames which may comprise some hinged
joints but there must be sufficient rigid joints to ensure that none of the nodes
Steel Beams &
Connection of the frame is free to move sideways. The members may be straight or
curved and a variety of shapes may be chosen for such framed structure.
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2. A bracing system which consists of a triangulated framework of rolled
Structural Steel Shapes sections will hold the joints together and further strengthen the
framework against lateral loads. The center lines of members
Structural Steel Framing
converging at a joint should intersect at one point. The joints
Steel Columns & themselves are conventionally assumed to be hinged, so that the
Connections members are either ties or struts, loaded purely in tension or
Steel Beams & compression, respectively. However, the overall bracing effect of a
Connection lattice system can be enhances by constructing it with tiff members and
rigid joints.
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3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more or less solid diaphragms,
Structural Steel Shapes
usually of reinforced concrete, transmit the wind and earthquake
Structural Steel Framing forces by shear and bending.
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If a high-rise building is of suitably compact shape on plan (circular,
Steel Trusses and Rigid square, not too narrow a rectangle), the external columns can be
Frames structurally merged with the external lattice bracing or with
Structural Steel Framing
spandrel girders so as to form a vast rigid tube. This stiffening
4.8
Systems system is particularly effective and economical. This is due not only
to the optimum distribution of the bracing, but also more
Joining of Steel
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particularly to the co-operation of all the columns and bracing or
spandrel girders in the external walls.
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Construction The John Hancock Center, Chicago (architects:
Structural Steel Shapes
Graham and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill)
employs the tube in its framing system. In this 335
Structural Steel Framing m high 100-story building, all the horizontal forces
Steel Columns &
are transmitted through external bracing, whereby
Connections a substantial saving has been achieved in
comparison with a bracing system located in the
Steel Beams &
Connection
interior. The external lattice members form a
distinctive architectural feature.
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Rivet set, rivet snap, settoing punch, snap a tool for shaping the head of a rivet.
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4.9.2 BOLTING
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames The bolts commonly used in steel frame construction falls into two general
Structural Steel Framing
categories:
Systems
Carbon-steel bolts or common bolts; are similar to the ordinary
Joining of Steel 4.9
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machine bolts. Carbon steel is steel having no specified minimum
content of alloying elements; minimum copper content not exceeding
0.40%.
Structural Steel Shapes A major problem in high strength bolting or friction type connections is how
to verify the necessary tension has been achieved in all the bolts in a
Structural Steel Framing
connection.
Steel Columns & There are several ways to achieve proper tightening:
Connections
Metal Decking The size and strength of weld is determined by the length of its leg.
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
For an E60 electrode on A36 steel, the allowable stress may be
computed on the basis of 800 pounds per linear inch per 1/16 inch
Structural Steel Framing of leg size.
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9 For A36 steel or higher-strength steels up to Fy = 60 ksi, an E70
Members electrode should be used and the the allowable stress may be
computed on the basis of 930 pounds per linear inch per 1/16 inch
of leg size.
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Steel Columns & FILLET WELD is of approximately triangular section joining two
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surfaces approximately at right angles to each other. The fillet weld
Steel Beams & is the most common type of weld used in structural work.
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Open-Web Steel Joists GROOVE WELD is made by depositing filler material in a groove
between two members to be joined. The standard types of grooves
Metal Decking are square, V, bevel-U, and J. With the exception of the square
Steel Trusses and Rigid groove, all grooves may be either single or double.
Frames
PLUG or SLOT WELD is made of a circular hole (plug) or an
Structural Steel Framing
Systems elongated hole (slot) in one member of a lap joint, joining that
member to the portion of the surface of the other member that is
Joining of Steel 4.9 exposed through the hole.
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Metal Decking
Structural Steel Shapes There are four positions in welding. In order of economy, they are the flat, horizontal,
vertical, and overhead positions. Overhead welds, which is the most difficult, should be
Structural Steel Framing avoided whenever possible.
Steel Columns &
Connections E. WELD JOINTS
Steel Beams & The three most common joints used in structural work are the butt, T, and lap joints.
Connection
Other types are the edge and corner joints. Fillet welds are applicable to T, lap, and
Open-Web Steel Joists corner joints; groove welds are applicable to all joints with the exception of lap joints.
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END