Gas Turbines

Applications
1) Aircrafts
2) Oil and gas industry
3) Power generation
4) Marine propulsion
 Types of Gas turbine

Open cycle system

Closed cycle system.
Open cycle Gas Turbine
Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
Brayton cycle
AIR COMPRESSORS
PV diagram
= pressure ratio
Volumetric efficiency
REFRIGERATION AND
AIR CONDITIONING
 REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is the science of producing and
maintaining temperature below that of the
surrounding atmosphere.
Most of the commercial refrigeration is
produced by the evaporation of a liquid called
refrigerant.
Applications of refrigeration
Ice making
Transportation of foods above and
below freezing
Chemical and related industries
Medical and surgical aids
Processing food products and
beverages
Oil refining and synthetic rubber
manufacturing
Freezing food products
 High Temperature Reservoir

Heat Rejected

R Work Input

Heat Absorbed

Low Temperature Reservoir

 Classification of Refrigeration system

Vapour compression refrigeration system

Vapour absorption refrigeration system

P-v Diagram
T-S diagram
 Coefficient Of Performance

Refrigerating effect, qL
COP = = h1-h4
Work of compression, w h2-h1

Ton of Refrigeration
1 TR = 3.5164 kJ/s
 Refrigerants
A refrigerants is a medium of heat transfer, which
absorbs heat by evaporating at low temperature and
gives out heat by condensing at high temperature and
pressure
Important refrigerants
Ammonia (R717)
Carbon dioxide (R744)
Trichloromonofluoromethane (R11)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R12)
Monochlorodifluoromethane (R22)
 Air Conditioning
Moist air : air contain some moisture
Specific humidity : mv/ma
Relative humidity : mv/mvs
Human comfort
For human comfort, are 20 to 25 C
and 50 to 55 RH
 Systems
A system is defined as a region in space
containing a specific amount of matter whose
behaviour is being observed.
The system is separated from its surrounding by a
boundary. The boundary may be a real one or
some imaginary surface covering the region.
Types of systems:
Open system
Closed system
Isolated system
 Closed system
The closed system is a system of fixed mass.
There is no mass transfer across the system
boundary. There may be energy transfer into or
out of the system.

Example:
Gas expanding in a piston- cylinder
 Open system
There is mass transfer across the system
boundary. There may be energy transfer into
or out of the system. Most of the engineering
devices are generally open system.

Examples:
Water entering boiler and leaving as steam
Gases flowing through turbine
Gas expanding from pressurized
container, through a nozzle
 Isolated system
It is fixed mass and energy. There is
no mass transfer and energy transfer
across the system boundary.

Example:
A thermo flask may be considered as
approaching an isolated system.
Universe