BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 CONTENTS
Introduction
Bolted Connections
Bolts and Bolting
Force Transfer Mechanism
Failure of Connections

In shear
In tension
Combined shear and tension
Block shear

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 INTRODUCTION
Designed more conservatively than members because they are more
complex to analyse and discrepancy between analysis and design is
large

In case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in

connection

Connections account for more than half the cost of structural steel
work

Connection design has influence over member design

Similar to members, connections are also classified as idealised types

Effected through rivets, bolts or weld

Codal Provisions

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 3

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS -!

Classification based on type of force in the bolts

Single
shear

Double
shear
a) Lap Connection b) Butt Connection

Shear Connections

support
(b)
(a)

Tension Connection and Tension plus Shear Connection

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 4

 BOLTS AND BOLTING

Bolt Grade: Grade 4.6 :- fu = 40 kgf/mm2 and fy = 0.6*40 = 24 kgf/mm2

Bolt Types: Black, Turned & Fitted, High Strength Friction Grip
Black Bolts:
usually Gr.4.6,
made snug tight,
ductile and cheap,
only static loads
Turned & Fitted;
Gr.4.6 to 8.8,
Close tolerance drilled holes,
0.2% proof stress
HSFG Bolts:
Gr.8.8 to 10.9,
less ductile,
excellent under dynamic/fatigue loads

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 5

 FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM
(a) Bearing Connection
T
Bearing stresses

(b) Friction Connection

T
Tension
Frictional Force T in bolt
Clamping Force, PO
T

Clamping Force, PO

Bolt Shear Transfer Free Body Diagram

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 6

 TIGHTENING OF HSFG BOLTS

turn
1) Turn-of-nut Tightening position
2) Calibrated Wrench Tightening snug-tight
3) Alternate Design Bolt Installation position
4) Direct Tension Indicator Method

Tightening of HSFG bolts

(a) Standard (b) Oversized

(c )Short Slot (d) Long slot

Feeler gauge
Hole types for HSFG bolts

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 7

 FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS

Shear Connections with Bearing Bolts Fig. 9

(a) Shearing of Bolts

Ps = ps As where As = 0.8A

(b) Bearing on Bolts

Pbb = pbb d t
Zone of
(c) Bearing on Plates plastification

Pbs = pbs d t e t pbs

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 8

 10.3 Bearing Type Bolts

10.3.2 Shear capacity of bolt

fu
Vsb nn Anb ns Asb / mb
3
10.3.1.1 Reduction factor in shear for Long Joints
lj 1.075 - (l j /200d)
but 0.75 lj 1.0
10.3.1.2 Reduction factor in shear for Large Grip Lengths

lg = 8 d /(3 d+lg)
10.3.2.3 Reduction factor for Packing Plates

pk = (1 - 0.0125 tpk)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 9

 10.3 Bearing Type Bolts

10.3.3 Bearing Capacity of bolt on any ply

Vsb = (2.5 d t fu )/ mb

10.3.4 Tension Capacity

Tb =(0.90 fub An)/ mb < (fyb Asb (m1 / m0))/ mb

10.3.5 Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension

2 2
V T
e 1.0
V T
sd nd

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS-1

Shear Connections with HSFG Bolts

(a) Slip Resistance

Vsf = (f ne Kh Fo)/ mf

Kh =1.0 (clearance hole)

= 0.45 (untreated surfaces)
Fo= proof load

(b) Bearing on Plates

Vbf = (2.2 d t fup ) / mf < (3 d t fyp)/ / mf

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 10.4 Friction Grip Type Bolting
10.4.1 Slip resistance
Vsf = (f ne Kh Fo)/ mf
Where,
f = coeff. of friction (slip factor) as in Table 10.2 (f < 0.55)
ne = number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
Kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot.

mf = 1.10 (if slip resistance is designed at service load)

mf = 1.25 (if slip resistance is designed at ultimate load)

Fo = minimum bolt tension (proof load) at installation ( 0.8 Asb fo)

Asb = shank area of the bolt
fo = proof stress (= 0.70 fub)

Note: Vns may be evaluated at a service load or ultimate load using

appropriate partial safety factors, depending upon whether slip resistance
Dr S RatSatish
is required Kumar,
service load orIIT
ultimate load. 1
 TABLE 10.2 TYPICAL AVERAGE VALUES FOR
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (f)

Coefficient
Treatment of surface of friction
(f)
Clean mill scale 0.33

Sand blasted surface 0.48

Red lead painted surface 0.1

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 10.4 Friction Grip Type Bolting

10.4.2 Bearing capacity

Vbf = (2.2 d t fup ) / mf < (3 d t fyp)/ / mf

10.4.3 Tension capacity

Tf = (0.9 fu A)/ / mf

2 2
T
V e
10.4.4 Combined Shear and Tension V 1 .0
T
sdf
ndf

Reduction factor in shear for Long Joints will apply here

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 BOLTS UNDER TENSION AND PRYING EFFECT
2T
Bearing type 2T (b) HSFG
connection Connection

To To To+T To+T
T T

2T
Bolt
force HSFG B b
B kN n
Proof Load Bearing A
Po type

Q Q
Applied load 2T (kN) T+Q T+Q
( c) External Tension (d) Prying Effect
versus bolt force

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 10.4 Friction Grip Type Bolting
10.4.5 Prying Force

f b t 4
l o e
Q v T
2l e 2
e 27 l l
e v

f
l 1. 1 t o
e f
y

= 2 for non-pretensioned and 1 for pretensioned

= 1.5 for LSM
be = effective width of flange per pair of bolts

(Conti.)
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1
 DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Table 1 Bolt Strengths in Clearance Holes in MPa

Bolt strengths Bolt grade

4.6 8.8
Shear strength ps 160 375
Bearing strength pbb 435 970
Tension strength pt 195 450

Table 2 Bearing Strengths of Connected Parts in MPa

Steel grade ST42S Gr.43 Gr.50

Bearing bolts pbs 418 460 550
HSFG bolts pbg 650 825 1065

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 10.5.9 Stresses due to Individual forces
P
fa or q =
t t lw
10.5.10 Combination of stresses
10.5.10.1 Fillet welds
fu
fe f a2 3q 2
3 mw

Combined bearing, bending and shear

2 2
f = f +f + f f + 3q 2
e b br b br

(Conti.)
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1
 10.2 Fasteners spacing and edge distance
10.2.1 Minimum Spacing - 2.5 times the nominal diameter
10.2.2 Maximum Spacing - shall not exceed 32t or 300 mm, whichever
is less, where t is thickness of the thinner plate

10.2.2.2 pitch shall not exceed 16t or 200 mm, in tension members
and 12t or 200 mm, whichever is less, in compression members

10.2.3 Edge and End Distances minimum edge shall be not less
than that given in Table 10.1. maximum edge distance should not
exceed 12 t, where = (250/fy)1/2

10.2.4 Tacking Fasteners spacing in line not exceeding 32t or 300 mm

If exposed to the weather, 16 t or 200 mm
max. spacing in tension members 1000 mm
max. spacing in compression members 600 mm

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 1

 GENERAL ISSUES IN CONNECTION DESIGN

Assumptions in traditional analysis

Connection elements are assumed to

be rigid compared to the connectors T
Connector behaviour is assumed to V d
be linearly elastic V
C e
Distribution of forces arrived at by
assuming idealized load paths M = Td
Provide stiffness according to the
assumed behaviour (a) (b)
ensure adequate ductility and rotation
capacity Standard Connections (a) moment
provide adequate margin of safety connection (b) simple connection

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

CONTENTS -1

Analysis of Bolt Groups

Combined Shear and Moment in-Plane
Combined Shear and Moment out-of-plane
Beam and Column Splices
Beam to Column Connections
Beam to Beam Connections
Truss Connections
Fatigue Behaviour

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Classification based on type of resultant force transferred

(a) (b)
Concentric Connections

(a) (b)

Moment Connections

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT IN PLANE

Bolt shear due to Px and Py Rmi x

Rxi = Px/n and Ryi = Py/n
ri P y
M = Px y + Py x
Rmi = k ri
Mi = k ri2 O
MR = k ri2 = k ri2
Bolt shear due to M
Rmi=M ri/ ri2 Bolt group eccentrically
loaded in shear
Combined shear
Ri R xi Rmi cos i 2 R yi Rmi sin i 2
P
2
Py
2

Myi Mxi
Ri x 2
2
n i i )
( x 2
y n i i )
( x 2
y

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT OUT-OF-PLANE
Ti

d li Li Li
NA
d/6 C

(a) (b) (c)

Bolt group resisting out-of-plane moment

Ti = kli where k = constant

M = Ti Li = k l i L i

Ti = Mli/ li Li

Shear assumed to be shared equally and bolts

checked for combined tension+(prying)+shear

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICE
Strength, stiffness and ease in erection

Assumptions in
(a)Conventional Rolled-section
Splice & Plate Girders

(b) End-Plate
Splice

Bolted Beam Splice

Column Splices bearing type or HSFG moment splices

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

(a) Simple transfer only shear at nominal eccentricity

Used in non-sway frames with bracings etc.
Used in frames upto 5 storeys

(b) Semi-rigid model actual behaviour but make analysis

difficult (linear springs or Adv.Analysis). However lead
to economy in member designs.

(c) Rigid transfer significant end-moments undergoing

negligible deformations. Used in sway frames for
stability and contribute in resisting lateral loads and
help control sway.

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

e
(a) (b) (c)
V

Simple beam-to-column connections a) Clip and seating angle

b) Web cleats c) Curtailed end plate
(a) Economical when automatic saw and drill lines are available
Check end bearing and stiffness of seating angle
Clip angle used for torsional stability
(b) If depth of cleats < 0.6d design bolts for shear only
(c) Eliminates need to drill holes in the beam. Limit depth and thickness
t < /2 (Gr.8.8) and /3 (Gr.4.6)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

column
web diagonal web
stiffeners stiffener plate

(a) (b) (c)

Rigid beam-to-column connections a) Short end plate

b) Extended end plate c) Haunched

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 BEAM-TO-BEAM AND
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
Beam-beam connections similar to beam-column connections
Moment continuity may be obtained between secondary beams
Check for torsion in primary beams

Splice
plate

Gusset e
Plate
Gusset
Plate
support

(a) Apex Connection (b) Support connection

Truss Connections

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 2

 FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR

Fatigue leads to initiation and growth of cracks under fluctuating stresses

even below the yield stress of the material (High-cycle fatigue)

Fatigue cracks grow from points of stress concentrations

To avoid stress concentrations in bolted connections
Use gusset plates of proper shape
Use match drilling
Use HSFG bolts

Fatigue also depends on range of stress fluctuations and reversal of stress

pre-tensioned HSFG avoid reversals but lead to fretting corrosion

Fatigue design carried out by means of an S-N curve on a log-log scale

Components are designed below the endurance limit

www.steel-insdag.org
Thank You
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT 3