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AIR POLLUTION

EPISODES
DISEASE OF
WEALTH
EPISODES
EPISODE used as a refined form of
the word disaster/ incident.

Indeed it was the shock of these disasters


that stimulated the first modern
legislative action to control of air
pollutants.

Careful study of different known episodes


reveal that all of the incidents had
something in common.
AIR POLLUTION
EPISODES
CRUCIAL INGREDIENTS FOR AN
EPISODE TO HAPPEN:
Large number of population sources
A restricted air volume
Failure of officials to recognize that
anything is wrong
The presence of water droplets of
the right size
Source: Goldsmith 1968
AIR POLLUTION
EPISODES
Major air pollution episodes(WHO,
1961)
Donora, London, 1952
1948
Population 12,300 8,000,000
Weather Anticyclone Anticyclone
inversion and inversion and
fog fog
Topography River valley River plain
Most probable Industry Household and
source of steel and zinc coal burning
Major air pollution episodes (WHO,
1961)
Donora, 1948 London, 1952
Nature of Chemical irritation Chemical
illnesses of exposed irritation of
membranous exposed
surfaces membranous
surfaces
# of deaths 17 4000
Time of death Began after second Began after
day of episode second day of
episode
Suspected cause Sulfur oxides with Sulfur oxides with
of irritation particulates particulates
AIR POLLUTION
EPISODES
FOG fog droplets of the right size, in
the 1 to 2 m diameter or in the range below
0.5 m is one of the most crucial element in air
pollution episodes.
Inversion Layers
An inversion occurs when a section
of the atmosphere becomes warmer
as the elevation increases.
immersion
heater is fixed
near the
bottom

Air-conditioner
is usually
installed high
on the wall
In a fire, why should you crawl close to
the floor in a smoke-filled room?
Smoke is warmer than the surrounding air.

It rises & its places


Smoke
would be replaced by
is toxic.
the surrounding
cooler air.
We should crawl close
to the floor to prevent
smoke inhalation.
CONVECTION
On a smaller scale near
coastlines, convection is
responsible for sea breezes.
During the daytime, land is
much hotter than the ocean.
A sea breeze is created
when hot air over the land
rises due to convection and
is replaced by cooler air
from the ocean.
At night the temperature
reverses so a land breeze
CONVECTION
Much of the Earths climate is regulated by giant
convection currents in the ocean.
Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
120 75
Temperature Highlights:
110 Pressure
65 Pressure decreases
100 Thermosphere
with altitude until it
90 55 reaches zero
Altitude (kilometers)

80 Heating via ozone


Troposphere is the

Altitude (miles)
Mesosphere 45
70 layer we live in;
60 mostly N and O;
35
50
weather; colder as
Stratosphere you go up
40 25

30
Stratosphere: has the
Ozone layer 15 ozone layer; warmer
20
Heating from the earth as you go up
10 Troposphere
5
Environmental science
Pressure = 1,000
0
(Sea 80 40 0 40 80 120 millibars focuses
at mostly on
Level) Temperature (C) ground level
those two layers
Temperature Inversion
Warmer air
Increasing altitude

Inversion layer

Cool layer

Mountain Mountain

Valley

Decreasing temperature

Traps pollutants near surface. Mountains prevent


wind in area and shadow sun to keep lower air cool.
Temperature Inversion
Descending warm air mass
Increasing altitude

Inversion layer

Sea breeze

Mountain
range

Decreasing temperature

Traps pollutants near surface. Mountains prevent


pollutants leaving. Sea breeze blows in, not out.
Marine Inversion
Regional Subsidence
Inversion
High Pressure Inversion
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
CARBON MONOXIDE
-Incomplete combustion of carbon
-Natural anaerobic decomposition of
carbonaceous materials by mos
-Anthropogenic sources (vehicles,
fossil fuel burning, industrial
processes, power plants, solid waste
disposal, miscellaneous burnings)
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
(HAPs)
-Fuel combustion, Metal processing
-petroleum/natural gas synthesis
-refining, surface coating processes
-Waste treatment disposals, electroplating
-Agricultural chemical production
-Polymer/resin production, Dry cleaning
-Atmospheric transformation
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
Photolysis the chemical
fragmentation or rearrangement of a
chemical upon adsorption of radiation
of the appropriate wavelength.
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
LEAD
-Volcanic activity
-Airborne soil
-Smelters, refining processes
-Incineration

SULFUR OXIDES
-Power plants, industry, volcanic eruptions
-Ocean aerosols, combustion of fossil fuels
ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
-Bacterial action
-Combustion processes

PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
-Atmospheric reactions (secondary pollutant)

PARTICULATES
-Sea salt, soil dust, volcanic particles, forest
fires
-Anthropogenic sources
An Illinois coal is burned at a rate of
1.00 kg per second. If the analysis of
the coal reveals a sulfur content of 3.00
%, what is the annual rate of emission
of SO2?
Sulfur
dioxide
(SO2)
Sulfur in

Sulfur
dioxide
(ash)
MASS BALANCE:
Sin = Sash + SSO2

Sin = 1 kg/s x 0.030 = 0.030 kg/s

Sin = 9.46 x 105 kg/yr

Sash = (0.05)(9.46 x 105 kg/yr) = 4.73 x 104


kg/yr
SSO2 = Sin Sash = 9.46 x 105 4.73 x 104
SSO2 = 8.99 x 105 kg/yr

SSO2 = 8.99 x 105 kg/yr (64 SO2/32 S)


SSO2 = 1.80 x 106 kg/yr
Determine whether or not a pulverized coal,
dry bottom, wall-fired boiler using bituminous
coal at power plant rate at 61 MW meets the
NSPS for SO2, particulate matter, and NO x.
The power plant burns bituminous coal with a
sulfur content of 1.8% and ash content of 6.2
%. The coal has a heating value of 14,000
Btu/lb. the boiler efficiency is 35%. Use the
emission factors to estimate the emissions.
Assume the efficiency of SO2 control is 85%
and the efficiency of particulate control
equipment is 99%.
Coal firing rate = 61 MW / 0.35 = 174.3 x
106 W

Mass of coal burned


= 174.3 x 106 J/s (3600 s) (1
Btu/1054.4 J)
= 5.95 x 108 Btu

Using the EPA emission factor of 38S for


bituminous coal:
Uncontrolled SO2 emission rate = 38 (1.8)
= 68.4 lbm
ton coal
Check emission rate:
Estimated SO2 emission rate
= 68.4 lb/ton coal(5.95 x 108 Btu)(1 ton/2000lb)
(0.15)
14,000 Btu/lb
= 218.05 lbm
SO2 emission rate (per million Btu)
= 218.05 lb/(5.95 x 108 Btu)(106)
= 0.37 lb/million Btu
Comment:
meets the standard 1.2 lb/million Btu but
not the 90% reduction requirement
Check the particulate emission rate:
Using the EPA emission factor of 10A for a
pulverized coal, dry bottom, wall-fired boiler:

Uncontrolled particulate emission


= (10)(6.2) = 62.0 lb/ton coal burned

Estimated particulate emission with 99%


control
= 62.0 lb/ton coal(5.95 x 108 Btu)(1 ton/2000lb)
(0.01)
14,000 Btu/lb
= 13.2 lb
Particulate emission rate per million Btu
= 13.2 lb/ (5.95 x 108 Btu)(106)
= 0.022 lb/ 106 Btu
Comment:
meets the standard of 0.03 lb/106 Btu
Check the NOx emission rate:
Using the EPA emission factor of 22 lb/ton,
Estimated emission rate
= 22.0 lb/ton coal(5.95 x 108 Btu)(1 ton/2000lb)
14,000 Btu/lb
Estimated emission rate
= 467.5 lb/ 5.95 x 108 Btu
= 7.86 x 10-7 lb/Btu
= 0.79 lb/ 106 Btu

Comment:
1.The standard for bituminous coal is
0.60 lb/106 Btu. The power plant does
not meet the NOX standard.
Recommendations:
1. The substitution of sub-bituminous
or lignite coal for the bituminous coal
2. Modification of burner.
Reaction Paper
What did we learn from the
episodes?
Whats different with Donora and
London with then and now?
What made the episode happen
before?
What makes us certain it wont
happen again?
A M R T O
I B L C T
A M R T O
I B L C T
A M G N O
I W L R T

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