Tutorial SMK Stratigraphy

Fundamental Stratigraphic
Workshop

Outline
Silisiclastic Sequence Stratigraphy
Introduction
Accomodation
Definition
Vertical Boundaries
The origin of sedimentary rocks
Parasequence and parasequence
Sedimentology and set
stratigraphy
Parasequence stacking pattern
The importance
Depositional Sequence
Some important of
stratigraphic principles High Resolution Sequence
Stratigraphy
Stenos law
Lithostratigraphy vs
Uniformitarianism
chronostratigraphy
Walthers law
Facies Analysis
Depositional environments
Data
Introduction Well Log data
Alluvial fan Side wall core
Meandering stream channels Conventional core data
Deltaic-Estuarine Seismic
Continental shelf sands
Stratigraphy of Central Sumatra Basin

Introductio
n

Introduction
Stratigraphy adalah ilmu yang

mempelajari lapisan batuan baik
berupa perubahan genetik,
hubungan umur antar lapisan
batuan, maupun bentuk
penyebaran, komposisi batuan,
kandungan fosil, sifat geokimia
dan geofisika batuan dan atribut-
atribut batuan sebagai suatu
lapisan (Bates dan Jackson, 1987)

Introduction
Sedimentology vs
stratigraphy
Sedimentology = the study of processes of formation,
transport
and deposition of material which accumulates as
sediment in
continental and marine environments and eventually
forms
sedimentary rocks
Stratigraphy = the study of rock strata to determine

the
order (the relationships between strata) and timing
(relative
and absolute ages) of events in Earth history

Sedimentary geology ~ sedimentology + stratigraphy
Introduction
The origin of sedimentary rocks
4 basic processes:
Weathering
m Transport
ap 5.ht
ch
5/ 1425 Deposition
l10
/ ~geo
d ian a.ed
u Compaction and
ww.in
:htt
p :/ / w cementation
rce
Sou
A sedimentary rock has a long history and has

been

subjected to modification by various processes
Introducti
on
The first process, WEATHERING, produces the materials that
a sedimentary
rock is composed of by mechanical (freezing) and chemical
(dissolution of
minerals, formation of new minerals [clays]) interaction
between atmosphere,
hydrosphere and earth surface rocks
The second process, TRANSPORT, moves these materials to
their final
destination. Rivers are the main transporting agent of
material to the oceans.
During transport the sediment particles will be sorted
according to size and
density and will be rounded by abrasion. Material that has
been dissolved during
weathering will be carried away in solution. Winds may also
play a role. The
sorting during transport is important because it is the reason
that we have
distinct clastic rock types (conglomerates, sandstones,
shales)

The third process, DEPOSITION, of a sediment, occurs at a
Sedimentology primarily focuses on how
were sediments/sedimentary rocks
formed?
Smaller temporal and spatial scales

Geologic Time
Divisions in the worldwide
stratigraphic column based
on
variations in preserved
fossils
A major difference between

geologists and most other
scientists is their attitude
about
time.
A "long" time may not be

important unless it is > 1
million
years.
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Mochtar DJ/Central_Sumatra_Workshop/Rumbai_apr06
Introduction
The importance
Stratigraphy can be used to infer past

environments of the earth based on the physical
characteristics of the rocks and the changes in
environment that occurred over time
Stratigraphy has great economic importance by

providing time markers in the geological record
and is used in oil and gas exploration and
exploitation, mining etc.

Introduction
Some stratigraphy
principles
In the late 1669, Steno formulated 3 principles that
are
widely used today to make stratigraphic
interpretation:
1) The principle of superposition
2) The principle of original horizontality
3) The principle of original lateral continuity

Introduction
Stenos law
1. The principle
superposition
In any succession of strata not

severely deformed, the oldest
stratum lies at the bottom,
successively younger ones above.
This is the basis of the

establishment
Of the relative ages of all strata
and
Their contained fossils.

Introduction
Stenos law
2. The principle of original
horizontality
Because sedimentary particles settle

from fluids and experience the
influence
of gravity, stratification was originally
horizontal and when steeply inclined
Source: http://www.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/STUDY/Images/Beach01.jpg
must have suffered subsequent

disturbance
Source: http://www.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/STUDY/Images/Beach01.jpg

Introduction
Stenos law
3. The principle of original lateral continuity
strata originally extended in all directions until they thinned

to zero or terminated against the edges of their original basin
of deposition.

Source: http://www.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/STUDY/Images/D041-551.jpg
Uniformitarianism (James Hutton, 1785)
The present is the key to the past
Modern depositional system
Ancient deposit

Introduction
Walthers Law (1894)
Study relationship of facies to depositional setting
Without unconformities, facies that are adjacent laterally will be

superimposed vertically
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Deposition
al
Environme

nt
Depositional Environment
Terrigenous depositional
environment
Non marine/continental
Glacial
Alluvial fan
Braided stream
Meandering stream
Eolian
Lacustrine
Marginal
marine/transitional/shoreline
Deltaic
Estuarine
Barrier island
Tidal flat
Marine
Shelf slope
Submarine fan
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Pelagic
A sedimentary environment is a part of the earth's surface

which is physically, chemically, and biologically distinct from
adjacent terraines. A sedimentary environment may be
characterized by erosion, equilibrium, or deposition (Selley,
1985)

Alluvial
fan
Source: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/proj/svalbard/photo/lgterrain.shtml
Source: http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/FieldImages/LostRiverAlluvialFans2.jpeg
Discontinuous
Internal
reflector
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Seismic section of alluvial fan developed over

deformed basement
structurally

Meandering Stream
Meandering stream
channels
Lithology
Overall, approximately 1:1 sand/shale
ratio
Point bar: flood plain siltstone/shale,

medium to fine sand, well-sorted and
channel pebble lag
Abandoned channel: oxbow lake

siltstone/shale channel lag
Flood plain shale, coal
Geometry:
Point bars- stacked to relatively
isolated
lenticular sand bodies
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Channels- continuous or
discontinuous
shoestring, encased in less
permeable
sand/silts or flood-plain shales
Meandering stream channels
Sedimentary structures:
Scour and fill
Surface exposure features:
mudcracks, raindrop
impressions
Ripples
Planar bedding
Trough, tabular crossbedding
oriented
pebbles, current lineations
Paleontology:
Diverse- vertebrate, plant remains,
Upward-fining Source: IHRDC/IPIMS nonmarine mollusks, gastropod
succession of
grain size
shells, spores, pollen, burrows
footprints
in preserved
point bar cores
Meandering stream channels
Seismic expression of a
river-cut channel. Note the
termination of flat-lying
reflections against the
channel flanks and the
change in seismic character
between these reflections
and those within the
channel. Note also the
steeper slope of the right
flank of the channel, possibly
indicating that this was the
cut bank
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS

Deltaic
Source:
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
http://www.geoid.fr/images/total_indo_spot.jpg
Depositional
Delta
Environment
vs
Estuary
Large Low sediment
sediment yield yield
Low tidal wave High tidal wave
Sea-level Sea-level rising
declining Subsiding coast
Stable or rising
coast
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS

Deltaic
Distributary channel
Lithology sands
Fine- to medium-grained sandstone,
moderate- to wells-sorted, fining-upward
grain size profile
Sedimentary structures
Contorted bedding, ripple formations, planar
bedding, trough-tabular crossbedding, scour
base
Paleontology
Burrows, organic plant debris, faunal
remains usually absent
Geometry:
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Idealized sequence of vertically Linear, straight to sinuous; 10-30 in thick; 1-

stacked point bars from upper 5 km wide
delta plain area
Associated facies:
Fluvial meander point bar or braided stream,
Deltaic Distributary mouth bar

Lithology sands
In proximal bar: clean, well-sorted coarse- to
medium-grained sandstone
In distal bar: coarsening upward sequence of fine
sand, silt, and clay
Small-scale cross laminae, small scour and fill and
current ripples
Paleontology
Abundant microfossils in prodelta clays at base of
sequence with minor bioturbation, microssils and
bioturbations decrease upward, laminations of
organic debris in upper sand body
Geometry:
Elongate in seaward direction; arcuate to cuspate-
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
shaped, with increased wave and marine current
Lithologic column of action;
distributary
mouth bar deposit Associated facies:
Prodelta marine shale, delta plain and
Deltaic
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Oblique-progradational seismic reflection pattern typical of

deltaic systems
Estuarine
Source: Internet
Estuari
ne
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Estuarin
e
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS

Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Occurrence of sand deposits on the continental shelf in broad,

relatively shallow
epicontinental seas, such as the North Sea
Forms as linear ridges usually oriented oblique to the shoreline,
or as sheetlike
deposits

Tidal- and storm-generated currents to be the most significant
agents responsible
Continental shelf Lithology
Fine- to coarse-grained sand, moderately
sands sorted, possible pebble conglomerate at top
Generally coarsening-upward grain size profile
Minor to abundant glauconite
Occasional shale laminations and shale clasts
Moderate angle trough and planar
crossbedding, ripple stratification in lower unit,
often hummocky, bioturbated in lower units
Paleontology
Marine shelf foram assemblages in associated
fine grained rocks, macrofossil shell hash at
scour base of some high-energy ridges,
Cruziana and Zoophycus ichnofacies
Geometry:
Series of parallel ridges, assymetrical in cross-
section, up to 50km long 3km wide, and 40 in
thick
Associated facies:

Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Surrounded by marine shelf shales, possible
lower-shoreface sands and silts laterally
Log shapes of shelf sands

tends to reflect flow
regimes
A funnel-shaped,
coarsening-upward
profile suggests a
storm/wave-dominated
shelf
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Sequence Stratigraphy
of
Silisiclastic Rocks

Sequence stratigraphy
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of genetically related facies

within
a framework of chronostratigraphically significant surfaces
(Van Wagoner et el., 1999)
A stratigraphic unit bounded at its top and base by unconformities or

their
correlative conformities (Mitchum et al., 1977)
Sequence is defined as a relatively conformable, genetically related

succession of strata bounded by unconformities or their correlative
conformities (Mitchum, 1977)
The thickness and type of sedimentary deposit formed in a

sedimentary
basin is controlled by:
Accomodation space
Eustasy (sea level)
Subsidence (basin tectonics)
Sediment supply (climate and hinterland tectonics)

Accommodati
onis the space made available for
Accommodation
potential sediment accumulation, and also is a
function of both sea-
level fluctuation and subsidence (Jervey,1988)
Sediment Accumulation is the more important

of the major factors controlling sedimentary basin
and strongly controlled by :
Eustatic sea level changes
Tectonic subsidence rate
Climate effect
Relative sea-level change varies with local

subsidence or uplift and it determines whether or
not new space is available for sediment
Van Wagoner et al, 1994 and Posamentier et al, 1988
Accommodation Schematic

Vertical Boundaries
Vertical Boundary Within Depositional
Sequences
Sequence Boundary (SB)
Regional unconformity and its correlative
conformity
LST
HST Subaerial erosional truncation
Marine-flooding surface (FS)
LST
Surface at the top of parasequence
Transgressive surface (TS)
HST
First significant surface at top of LST
TST Form at maximum of regression
LST Maximum flooding surface (MFS)
HST Marine flooding surface at top of maximum
transgressive system
TST Form at maximum of transgressive
LST

Vertical
Boundaries
Condensed section is a thin marine stratigraphic
interval characterized by very slow depositional
rates (<1-10 mm/yr) (Vail et al., 1984).
Consists of hemipelagic and pelagic sediments, starved

of terrigenous materials,
Deposited during a period of maximum relative sea-level

rise and maximum transgression of the shoreline (Loutit
et al., 1988).

Stratal Unit in
Hierarchy

Parasequence
Parasequence : Relatively conformable succession of genetically related beds or

bedsets bounded at the base and top by marine flooding surfaces or their correlative
surfaces.
In general, a parasequence shoals upward. Typically the lower part of a parasequence

consists of a deeper-water facies and its upper part consists of a shallower-water
facies. (Van Wagoner, 1985).

Parasequence
Van Wagoner et al (AAPG Methods in Exploration #7).
Stratal characteristic of an upward-coarsening parasequence. This

type of parasequence is interpreted to form in a deltaic environment

on a sandy, fluvial- or wave-dominated shoreline.
Parasequence
Stratal characteristic of upward-fining parasequences. These type of

parasequences are interpreted to form in a tidal flat to subtidal
environment.
Parasequence
Lateral and Vertical Relationships within a Parasequence

Parasequence Sets
Parasequence set is a succession of genetically related
parasequence that form distinctive stacking pattern, bounded by
major marine flooding surfaces and their correlative surfaces (Van
Wagoner, 1985).
Parasequence and parasequence sets are the stratal building block

of sequence stratigraphy.
Type of parasequence sets based on ratio of rate of deposition and

rate of accommodation
Progradational parasequence set >1
Retrogradational parasequence set < 1
Aggradational parasequence set =1
What happen if ration of deposition and

accommodation = 0

Type of parasequence sets

Progradational Parasequence Se
Retrogradational Parasequence S
Aggradational Parasequence Set

Parasequence Sets
PROGRADATION - REGRESSION
Relative facies and bedding plane relationships for
high sediment influx during a relative rise of sea level
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Shoreline regresses/advanced seaward due to

deposition or
relative fall of sea level
Sediment input > accomodation
Facies sequence shallows up

Parasequence Sets
RETROGRADATION - TRANSGRESSION
low sediment influx during a relative rise of sea level
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Shoreline transgresses/retreat landward

due to
relative rise of sea-level
Accommodation space > sediment input
Facies sequence deepens up
Parasequence Sets
AGGRADATION

balanced sediment influx during a relative rise of sea level
Source: IPIMS
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Stationary shoreline

Depositional
Sequence
Depositional Sequences is defined as a relatively conformable
succession of genetically related strata bounded by unconformities
or their correlative conformities.
Depositional Sequences can be subdivided into 3 systems tracts.
Systems tract is a linkage of contemporaneous depositional systems.

Each defined objectively by stratal geometries at bounding surfaces,
position within the sequence, and internal parasequence stacking
patterns. (Van Wagoner et al., 1988, Posamentier et al., 1988)
Each is interpreted to be associated with a specific segment of the

eustatic curve and they are lowstand, transgressive and highstand
systems tracts

Depositional
Sequence
Lowstand systems tract
Oldes deposit in depositional sequence
It bounded by SB and transgressive surface
Transgressive systems tract
Middle system in an ideal depositional sequence
Bounded by transgressive surface and MFS
Highstand systems tract
The youngest deposit in depositional sequence
Bounded by MFS and SB

Lithostratigraphy vs
Chronostratigraphy
A lithostratigraphic unit is a defined body of sedimentary rocks,
extrusive rocks, metesedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is
distinguished and delimited on the basis of lithic characteristics and
stratigraphic position.
A chronostratigraphic unit is a body of rock established to serve

as the material reference for all the rocks formed during the same
span of time. Each of its boundaries is synchronous. The body also
serves as the basis for defining the specific interval of time, or
geochronologic unit.

Lithostratigraphic
hierarchy
Basic unit of lithostratigraphic division of rocks
is the
formation. Formations may be divided into
member
and assembled into group
Formation should be a body of material which

can be
identified by its lithological characteristics and
by its
stratigraphic position. It must be mappable at
the
surface or traceable in the subsurface

Lithostratigraphic
hierarchy
Zone/
Formation Sand Facies (association) Flow Unit
A1
Distributary A2
A Channel Facies
Reservoir A3
Floodplain Facies Flow Barrier

X
Formation B1
Stacked Mouth
B2
Bar Facies
B B3
Reservoir
Floodplain Facies Flow Barrier
GR Res

Sequence
Stratigraphy vs
Lithostratigraphy
Comparison of Chronostratigraphy
(A) chronostratigraphic correlation and
(B) lithostratigraphic correlation style: retrogradational
parasequence set


Facies Analysis

Facies analysis
Facies (from Latin, facia, meaning face or appearance)

is
lithological, structural, and organic aspects detectable
in the
field (de Raaf, 1965)
Rocks or strata which can be characterized by

aspects of
their appearance (lithology, grain size, sedimentary
structures, color, composition, biogenic content)
It can subdivided into:

Lithofacies (physical and chemical
characteristics)
Biofacies (macrofossil content)
Ichnofacies (trace fossils)
Facies associations
constitute several facies that
occur in
Facies analysis
Facies analysis is the interpretation of strata in terms of

depositional environments (or depositional systems),
commonly
based on a wide variety of observations
Facies models are schematic, three-dimensional

representations
of specific depositional environments that serve as
norms for
interpretation and prediction
Facies models are static in the sense that they focus

heavily on autogenic processes and deposits,
following
Walthers Law
Modern processes must constitute the basis for

interpreting
ancient products (uniformitarianism works in many
cases, but not
always)
Facies analysis
Lithology
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS Grain size
Vertical variations in grain size to be use
in the diagnosis of depositional environm
a) Fining-upward, with a scoured base
b) Coarsening-upward profiles
c) Blocky" profiles whereby grain size

remains relatively constant
d) Sands originating in different

subenvironments commonly coalesce
to form a single vertical grain-size
profile
No single environment has a unique grain-size profile

Similar profiles may be produced by different environments
Therefore, profiles should be interpreted with as much supplementary da

Source: IPIMS
Facies analysis
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Sedimentary Structures
F1
Scour and basal lags
F2
F = facies
FA = facies association

Facies analysis
Paleontology
The study of ancient life from the fossil
Fossil: record
Remains of formerly living creatures, indicate
both
relative time and environment of deposition
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
Foraminifera (forams)
The most widely used

microfossils
Single-celled organisms, existed

since the Ordovician, with 1400
genera and 30,000 species
(4,500
still in existence) having been
classified
Planktonic (floating) and

benthic
(bottom-dwelling) forms inhabit
Chamber construction in Dicorbis
a
wide variety of aquatic
Foraminife
environments,
from very shallow water to
Facies analysis
Trace Fossils
Fossilized tracks, trails, burrows etc made by
animals within sediment or on the sediment surface
Bathymetry indicator
Bioturbated
Sandstone Skolithos : vertical burrows
made in sandy or firm mud
bottoms of the littoral
(intertidal) zone by
suspension feeders, i.e., by
organisms that feed on food
particles suspended in the
agitated zone of shallow
water
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS
From conventional cores

Cruziana and Zoophycos:
Provide a reliable record of benthonic more horizontal and
organic
increasingly patterned
communities, because they always occur
insitu and burrows made in soft muds
cannot be reconcentrated by reworking, of the neritic zone by
include sediment feeders
plant trace fossils (i.e. root molds and casts)
Facies analysis
Geometry
Controlled by: topography of

depositional surface, climate,
paleoslope, nature and amount
of sediment supply, intensity
and direction of local depositional
currents
Isopach mapping is use to

graphically restore to original sha
Same geometry may be produced

than one environment
Single environment may also prod

more than one shape
Source: IHRDC/IPIMS

Facies analysis
Cross-section
A cross section is a profile showing geological
features in
a vertical plane through the earth
Two categories of cross-section:
Structural: illustrate present-day structural

features
such as dips, folds, and folds
Stratigraphic: show characteristics such as

formation
thickness, lithologic sequences, stratigraphic

correlations, facies changes, unconformities,
Facies analysis
Structural cross-section
Represented as a present day/actual relief

Facies analysis
Stratigraphic cross-section
Based on flattened stratigraphic datums. The datum horizon is

represented as a straight horizontal line regardless of its actual
relief
Facies analysis
Stratigraphic Section

Big Scale Projects in
PT Chevron Pacific
Indonesia

REGIONAL GEOLOGY of Central Sumatra
Basin
By Heidrick and Aulia, 1996
Present Basin Structural
Section
BACK ARC
BASIN
13 mya
POST RIFT
BASIN
25.5 mya
SYN-RIFT
BASIN

Oil Migration Path of Central Sumatra
Basin
By Hwang, 2000
Central Sumatra back arc basin subduction

model
Tectonic and
Sedimentation
during
Tertiary Time

Tertiary Tectonostratigraphic
Chart
Petroleum System
1 Source rock and reservoir
2 Reservoir
3 Seal / Cap Rock
3 Inner- to outer-littoral
Lower delta plain and

shallow marine shelf
Brackish to shallow marine Transgressive
or marginal marine facies Marine strata
2 Intertidal, interdistributary bay,
distributary channel, shallow
marine delta-front
Fluvio-deltaic
1
Deposited in deep grabens as continental depo

After Mertosono and Nayoan (1974)
Chronostratigraphic chart
Six regional
Miocene
Sequence
Boundaries
15.5 SB
16.5 SB
17.5 SB
21 SB
22 SB
25.5 SB

After Wongsosantiko (1976)
Two local factors that must be taken into consideration when

interpreting the sequence stratigraphy
Strongly transgressive ramp setting or retrogradational system

Tidal influence on delta systems

Various data

Well logs
Side wall core / cutting
Conventional Core
Seismic

Well logs
There are many different types
of well logs. Some of the logs
that are used to interpret the
rocks in a well are discussed
below. Other types of logs
measure temperatures, the flow
rate of oil and gas that is being
produced in the well, and the
quality of cement used to bond
production pipe (which is
actually called casing) to the
surrounding rock. Today, there
are even cameras that can be
lowered into wells to make
videos of the inside of the
casing and determine what
types of fluids are flowing
out of perforation holes shot
into the casing.
GR (gamma ray) logs measure radioactivity to determine what types of
rocks are present in the well. Because shales contain radioactive
elements, they emit lots of gamma rays.
SP (spontaneous potential) logs indicate the permemabilities of rocks

in the well by measuring the amount of electrical current generated
between the drilling fluid and the formation water that is held in pore
spaces of the reservoir rock. Porous sandstones with high permeabilities
tend to generate more electricity than impermeable shales. Thus, SP logs
are often used to tell sandstones from shales.
Resistivity logs determine what types of fluids are present in the

reservoir rocks by measuring how effective these rocks are at conducting
electricity. Because fresh water and oil are poor conductors of electricity
they have high resistivities. By contrast, most formation waters are salty
enough that they conduct electricity with ease. Thus, formation waters
generally have low resistivities.
FDC (formation density compensated) logs, also called density logs,

determine porosity by measuring the density of the rocks. Because these
logs overestimate the porosity of rocks that contain gas they result in
"crossover" of the log curves when paired with Neutron logs (described
under CNL logs below).
CNL (compensated neutron) logs, also called neutron logs, determine

porosity by assuming that the reservoir pore spaces are filled with either
water or oil and then measuring the amount of hydrogen atoms
(neutrons) in the pores. Because these logs underestimate the porosity of
rocks that contain gas they result in "crossover" of of the log curves when

paired with FDC logs (described above).

SWC
description Resistivity
Gamma
Ray (GR)
Stratigraphy
Marker

Density
Caliper
Gamma
Ray (GR)

Gamma
Ray (GR)
Gamma
Resistivity
Ray (GR)
Resistivity
Neutron
Density

BHC (borehole compensated) logs, also called sonic logs, determine
porosity by measuring how fast sound waves travel through rocks in
the well. In general, sound waves travel faster through high-density
shales than through lower-density sandstones.
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) logs may be the well logs of the
future. These logs measure the magnetic response of fluids present in
the pore spaces of the reservoir rocks. In so doing, these logs measure
both porosity and permeability, as well as the types of fluids present in
the pore spaces.
Dipmeter logs determine the orientations of sandstone and shale

beds in the well, as well as the orientations of faults and fractures in
these rocks. The original dipmeters did this by measuring the
resisitivity of rocks on at least four sides of the well hole. Modern
dipmeters actually make a detailed image of the rocks on all sides of
the well hole. Borehole scanners do this with sonic (sound) waves,
whereas FMS (formation microscanner) and FMI (formation
micro-imager) logs do this by measuring the resisitivity.

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Fundamental Stratigraphic

Stratigraphy adalah ilmu yang

Stratigraphy = the study of rock strata to determine

A sedimentary rock has a long history and has

A major difference between

A "long" time may not be

Stratigraphy can be used to infer past

Stratigraphy has great economic importance by

1) The principle of superposition

2) The principle of original horizontality

3) The principle of original lateral continuity

In any succession of strata not

This is the basis of the

Because sedimentary particles settle

must have suffered subsequent

strata originally extended in all directions until they thinned

Modern depositional system

Without unconformities, facies that are adjacent laterally will be

A sedimentary environment is a part of the earth's surface

Seismic section of alluvial fan developed over

Point bar: flood plain siltstone/shale,

Abandoned channel: oxbow lake

Flood plain shale, coal

Idealized sequence of vertically Linear, straight to sinuous; 10-30 in thick; 1-

Deltaic Distributary mouth bar

Oblique-progradational seismic reflection pattern typical of

Occurrence of sand deposits on the continental shelf in broad,

Continental shelf sands

Log shapes of shelf sands

Sequence stratigraphy is the study of genetically related facies

A stratigraphic unit bounded at its top and base by unconformities or

Sequence is defined as a relatively conformable, genetically related

The thickness and type of sedimentary deposit formed in a

Sediment Accumulation is the more important

Relative sea-level change varies with local

Van Wagoner et al, 1994 and Posamentier et al, 1988

Consists of hemipelagic and pelagic sediments, starved

Deposited during a period of maximum relative sea-level

Parasequence : Relatively conformable succession of genetically related beds or

In general, a parasequence shoals upward. Typically the lower part of a parasequence

Van Wagoner et al (AAPG Methods in Exploration #7).

Stratal characteristic of an upward-coarsening parasequence. This

Van Wagoner et al (AAPG Methods in Exploration #7).

Stratal characteristic of upward-fining parasequences. These type of

Lateral and Vertical Relationships within a Parasequence

Van Wagoner et al (AAPG Methods in Exploration #7).

Parasequence and parasequence sets are the stratal building block

Type of parasequence sets based on ratio of rate of deposition and

What happen if ration of deposition and

Type of parasequence sets

Van Wagoner et al (AAPG Methods in Exploration #7).

Shoreline regresses/advanced seaward due to

Shoreline transgresses/retreat landward

Relative facies and bedding plane relationships for

Depositional Sequences can be subdivided into 3 systems tracts.

Systems tract is a linkage of contemporaneous depositional systems.

Each is interpreted to be associated with a specific segment of the

A chronostratigraphic unit is a body of rock established to serve

Formation should be a body of material which

Floodplain Facies Flow Barrier

Floodplain Facies Flow Barrier

Facies (from Latin, facia, meaning face or appearance)

Rocks or strata which can be characterized by