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MUSCLES OF THE HEAD

AND NECK
TIM ANATOMI FKIK UNJA
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER
dr.primayana
Scalp
The occipitofrontalis overlies the
dome of the cranium.
It is divided into the frontalis of the
forehead and occipitalis at the rear of
the head,
They are connected to each other by
a broad aponeurosis, the galea
aponeurotica
CONT
Frontalis Elevates eyebrows in glancing
upward and expressions of surprise or fright;
draws scalp forward and wrinkles skin of
forehead
O: Galea aponeurotica
I: Subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows
Occipitalis Retracts scalp; fixes galea
aponeurotica so frontalis can act on eyebrows
O: Superior nuchal line and temporal bone
I: Galea aponeurotica
0
The Orbital and Nasal
Regions.
Orbicularis Oculi : Sphincter of the eyelids; closes eye in blinking,
squinting, and sleep; aids in flow of tears across eye
O: Lacrimal bone, adjacent regions of frontal bone and maxilla, medial angle of
eyelids
I: Upper and lower eyelids, skin around margin of orbit
Levator Palpebrae Superioris : Elevates upper eyelid, opens eye
O: Lesser wing of sphenoid in posterior wall of orbit
I: Upper eyelid
Corrugator Supercilii : Draws eyebrows medially and downward in
frowning and concentration; reduces glare of bright sunlight
O: Medial end of supraorbital margin
I: Skin of eyebrow
Nasalis : Widens nostrils; narrows internal air passage between
vestibule and nasal cavity
O: Maxilla just lateral to nose
I: Bridge and alar cartilages of nose
The Oral Region
Orbicularis Oris : Encircles mouth, closes lips,
protrudes lips as in kissing; uniquely developed in
humans for speech
O: Modiolus of mouth
I: Submucosa and dermis of lips
Levator Labii Superioris : Elevates and everts upper
lip in sad, sneering, or serious expressions
O: Zygomatic bone and maxilla near inferior margin of orbit
I: Muscles of upper lip
Levator Anguli Oris : Elevates angle of mouth as in
smiling
O: Maxilla just below infraorbital foramen
I: Muscles at angle of mouth
Zygomaticus Major : Draws angle of mouth
upward and laterally as in laughing
O: Zygomatic bone
I: Superolateral angle of mouth
Zygomaticus Minor Elevates upper lip, exposes
upper teeth in smiling or sneering
O: Zygomatic bone
I: Muscles of upper lip N: Facial n.
Risorius Draws angle of mouth laterally in
expressions of laughing, horror, or disdain
O: Zygomatic arch, fascia near ear
I: Modiolus of mouth
Depressor Anguli Oris : Draws angle of
mouth laterally and downward in opening
mouth or sad expressions
O: Inferior margin of mandibular body
I: Modiolus of mouth
Depressor Labii Inferioris : Draws lower
lip downward and laterally in chewing and
expressions of melancholy or doubt
O: Near mental protuberance
I: Skin and mucosa of lower lip
The Mental and Buccal Regions.

Mentalis : Elevates and protrudes lower lip in


drinking, pouting, and expressions of doubt or
disdain; elevates and wrinkles skin of chin
O: Mandible near inferior incisors
I: Skin of chin at mental protuberance.
Buccinator Compresses cheek against teeth and
gums; directs food between molars; retracts cheek
from teeth when mouth is closing to prevent biting
cheek; expels air and liquid
O: Alveolar processes on lateral surfaces of maxilla and
mandible
I: Orbicularis oris; submucosa of cheek and lips
The Cervical and Mental
Region
Platysma : Draws lower lip and
angle of mouth downward in
expressions of horror or surprise;
may aid in opening mouth widely
O: Fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major
I: Mandible; skin and subcutaneous
tissue of lower face
food manipulation
food manipulation
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Genioglossus : Unilateral action draws tongue to one side; bilateral
action depresses midline of tongue or protrudes tongue
O: Superior mental spine on posterior surface of mental protuberance
I: Ventral surface of tongue from root to apex
Hyoglossus : Depresses tongue
O: Body and greater horn of hyoid
I: Lateral and ventral surfaces of tongue
Styloglossus : Draws tongue upward and posteriorly
O: Styloid process of temporal bone and ligament from styloid process to
mandible
I: Dorsolateral surface of tongue
Palatoglossus : Elevates root of tongue and closes oral cavity off
from pharynx; forms palatoglossal arch at rear of oral cavity
O: Soft palate
I: Lateral surface of tongue
Muscles of Chewing
Muscles of Chewing
Temporalis : Elevation, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion of the mandible
O: Temporal lines and temporal fossa of cranium
I: Coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus

Masseter : Elevation of the mandible, with smaller roles in protraction, retraction,


and lateral and medial excursion
O: Zygomatic arch
I: Lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle

Medial Pterygoid : Elevation, protraction, and lateral and medial excursion of the
mandible
O: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, palatine bone,lateral surface of maxilla near molar
teeth
I: Medial surface of mandibular ramus and angle

Lateral Pterygoid Depression (in wide opening of the mouth), protraction, and lateral
and medial excursion of the mandible
O: Lateral surfaces of lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid
I: Neck of mandible (just below condyle); articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint
Hyoid MusclesSuprahyoid
Group
Digastric : Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; opens mouth widely,
as when ingesting food or yawning; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed
O: Mastoid notch of temporal bone, digastric fossa of mandible
I: Hyoid bone, via fascial sling
Geniohyoid Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates and
protracts hyoid when mandible is fixed
O: Inferior mental spine of mandible
I: Hyoid bone
Mylohyoid Spans mandible from side to side and forms floor of mouth;
elevates floor of mouth in initial stage of swallowing
O: Mylohyoid line near inferior margin of mandible
I: Hyoid bone
Stylohyoid Elevates and retracts hyoid, elongating floor of mouth; roles
in speech, chewing, and swallowing are not yet clearly understood
O: Styloid process of temporal bone
I: Hyoid bone
Hyoid Muscles
Infrahyoid Group
Omohyoid28 Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated
O: Superior border of scapula
I: Hyoid bone
Sternohyoid : Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated
O: Manubrium of sternum, medial end of clavicle
I: Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid Depresses hyoid; with hyoid fixed, elevates
larynx as in singing high notes
O: Thyroid cartilage of larynx
I: Hyoid bone
Sternothyroid Depresses larynx after it has been elevated in
swallowing and vocalization; aids in singing low notes
O: Manubrium of sternum, costal cartilage 1
I: Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Muscles of the Pharynx.
Pharyngeal Constrictors (three
muscles) During swallowing, contract in
order from superior to middle to inferior
constrictor to drive food into esophagus
O: Medial pterygoid plate, mandible, hyoid,
stylohyoid ligament, cricoid and thyroid
cartilages of larynx
I: Median pharyngeal raphe (seam on
posterior side of pharynx); basilar part of
occipital bone
Muscle of the neck
Muscle of the neck
Muscle of the neck
As the
sternocleidomastoi
d passes obliquely
across the neck, it
divides it into
anterior and
posterior triangles
Flexors of the Neck
Sternocleidomastoid Unilateral action tilts head slightly
upward and toward the opposite side, as in looking over
ones contralateral shoulder.
O: Manubrium of sternum, medial one-third of clavicle
I: Mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line

Scalenes (anterior, middle, and posterior) Unilateral


contraction causes ipsilateral flexion or contralateral rotation
(tilts head toward same shoulder, or rotates face away),
depending on action of other muscles. Bilateral contraction
flexes neck. If spine is fixed, scalenes elevate ribs 12 and
aid in breathing.
O: Transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae (C1C7)
I: Ribs 12
Extensors of the Neck
Trapezius Extends and laterally
flexes head
O: External occipital protuberance,
medial one-third of superior nuchal line,
nuchal ligament, spinous processes of
vertebrae C7T3 or T4
I: Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral
onethird of clavicle
Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis Acting
unilaterally, produce ipsilateral flexion and slight
rotation of head; extend head when acting bilaterally
O: Inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of
vertebrae C7T6
I: Mastoid process and occipital bone just inferior to
superior nuchalline; cervical vertebrae C1C2 or C3
Semispinalis Capitis and Semispinalis Cervicis
Extend and contralaterally rotate head
O: Articular processes of vertebrae C4C7, transverse
processes of T1T6
I: Occipital bone between nuchal lines, spinous processes
of vertebrae C2C5
TERIMA KASIH

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