Chapter 4 Projectile

Motion
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2014
University
Objectives: After completing
this module, you should be
able to:
Describe the motion of a projectile by
treating horizontal and vertical
components of its position and
velocity.
Solve for position, velocity, or time
when given initial velocity and launch
angle.
 Projectile Motion
A projectile is a particle moving near
the Earths surface under the
influence of its weight only (directed
downward).

W
W W
a=g
Vertical and Horizontal
Motion
Simultaneously
dropping yellow ball
and projecting red
ball horizontally.

Click right to observe

motion of each ball.
Vertical and Horizontal
Motion
Simultaneously
dropping a yellow ball
and projecting a red ball
horizontally.
W W Why do they strike the
ground at the same
time?
Once
Once motion
motion hashas begun,
begun, the
the downward
downward
weight
weight is
is the
the only
only force
force on
on each
each ball.
ball.
Ball Projected Horizontally
and Another Dropped at
Same Time:
Vertical Motion is the Same for Each
Ball
vox
0s
vx
1s
vy vx vy
2s
vy vy
vx
3s
vy vy
Observe Motion of Each
Ball
Vertical Motion is the Same for Each
Ball
vox
0s
1s

2s

3s
Consider Horizontal and
Vertical Motion
Separately:
Compare Displacements and
Velocities
1s 2s 3s
0 s vox
0s
vx 1s
vy
vx
Horizontal velocity 2s
doesnt change. vy vx
3s
Vertical velocity
just like free fall. vy
 Displacement Calculations for
Horizontal Projection:
For any constant x vot 1
2 at 2

acceleration:
For the special case of horizontal
a 0; a g v 0; v v
projection:
x y oy ox o

Horizontal x vox t
displacement:

Vertical y gt
1
2
2

displacement:
 Velocity Calculations for
Horizontal Projection (cont.):
For any constant v f vo at
acceleration:
For the special case of a projectile:
ax 0; a y g voy 0; vox vo

Horizontal velocity: vx vox

Vertical velocity: v y vo gt
 Example 1: A baseball is hit with a
horizontal speed of 25 m/s. What
is its position and velocity after 2
s? x +50 m
25 m/s y
-19.6 m

First find horizontal and vertical

displacements:
x vox t (25 m/s)(2 s) xx =
= 50.0
50.0
mm
y 2 gt 2 (9.8 m/s )(2 s) yy =
1 2 1 2 2
= -19.6
-19.6
m
m
 Example 1 Cont.): What are the
velocity components after 2 s?
25 m/s
vx
v0x = 25 m/s
v0y = 0 vy

Find horizontal and vertical velocity after 2 s:

vx vox (25 m/s) vvxx =
= 25.0
25.0
m/s
2m/s
v y voy at 0 (9.8 m/s )(2 s)

vvyy =
= -19.6
-19.6
 Consider Projectile at an
Angle:
AA red
red ball
ball is
is projected
projected atat an angle .. At
an angle At the
the
same
same time,
time, aa yellow
yellow ball
ball is
is thrown
thrown
vertically
vertically upward
upward and and aa green
green ball
ball rolls
rolls
horizontally
horizontally (no(no friction).
friction).
vx = vox = constant

voy vo v y voy at
a 9.8 m/s 2

vox

Note vertical and horizontal motions of

balls
 Displacement Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of displacement at time t
are:
xx vvoxoxtt aaxxtt
11
22
22
yy vvoyoytt 1212 aayytt 2
2

For ax 0; a y g ; voy 0; vox vo

projectiles:
Thus, the x vox t
displacement
components x and y y voy t 2 gt
1 2

for projectiles are:

 Velocity Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of velocity at time t
are:
vvxx vvoxox aaxxtt vvyy vvoyoy aayytt
For ax 0; a y g ; voy 0; vox vo
projectiles:

Thus, the velocity vx vox constant

components vx and vy
for projectiles are: v y voy gt
 Problem-Solving Strategy:
1. Resolve initial velocity vo into
components:
vo
cos ;;
vvoxox vvoo cos sin
vvoyoy vvoo sin
v
oy

vox
2. Find components of final position and
velocity:
Displacement: Velocity:
x vox t vx v0 x
y voy t gt1
2
2
v y voy gt 2
 Problem Strategy (Cont.):
3. The final position and velocity can be
found from the components.

R yy
tan
RR xx yy ;; tan
y 22 22
xx
x

voy vo vvyy
tan
vv vv vv ;; tan
22 22
xx yy
vvxx
vox

4. Use correct signs - remember g is

negative or positive depending on your
initial choice.
 Example 2: A ball has an initial
velocity of 160 ft/s at an angle of 30o
with horizontal. Find its position and
velocity after 2 s and after 4 s.
voy 160 ft/s v (160 ft/s) cos 300 139 ft/s
ox

30ov voy (160 ft/s) sin 30 80.0 ft/s

0
ox

Since vx is constant, the horizontal

displacements after 2 and 4 seconds are:
x vox t (139 ft/s)(2 s) xx =
= 277
277 ft
ft
x vox t (139 ft/s)(4 s) xx =
= 554
554 ft
ft
 Example 2: (Continued)

voy 160 ft/s 2 4

s s
30ov
ox
277 ft 554
ft
Note: We know ONLY the horizontal
location after 2 and 4 s. We dont know
whether it is on its way up or on its way
down.
xx22 =
= 277
277 ft
ft xx44 =
= 554
554 ft
ft
Example 2 (Cont.): Next we find the
vertical components of position after 2 s
and after 4 s.
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
y2
y4

0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
The vertical displacement as function of
time:
y voy t 2 gt (80 ft/s)t 2 (32 ft/s )t
1 2 1 2 2

yy 80
80tt 16
22
16tt Observe consistent
units.
(Cont.) Signs of y will indicate
location of displacement (above + or
below origin).
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
96 ft y2
16 ft y4

0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
Vertical yy 80
80tt 16
16tt
22

position:
y2 80(2 s) 16(2 s) 2
y4 80(4 s) 16(4 s) 2

yy22 96
96 ftft yy44 16
16 ftft Each above origin
(+)
(Cont.): Next we find horizontal and
vertical components of velocity after 2
and 4 s.
voy 160 ft/s v (160 ft/s) cos 300 139 ft/s
ox

30ov voy (160 ft/s) sin 30 80.0 ft/s

0
ox

Since
Since vvxx is
is constant,
constant, vvxx =
= 139
139 ft/s
ft/s at
at all
all
times.
times.
Vertical velocity is same as if vertically
projected:
v y voy gt ; where g 32 ft/s
2

At any v y voy (32 ft/s)t

vx 139 ft/s
time t:
 Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s
v4

0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
At any v y voy (32 ft/s)t
vx 139 ft/s
time t:

v y 80 ft/s (32 ft/s)(2 s) vv2y = 16.0 ft/s

2y = 16.0 ft/s

v y 80 ft/s (32 ft/s)(4 s) vv4y =

= -48.0
-48.0 ft/s
ft/s
4y
 Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s Moving Moving
Up +16 down -48
ft/s ft/s v4

0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
The signs of vy indicate whether motion
is up (+) or down (-) at any time t.
At
At 22 s:
s: vv2x = 139 ft/s; v 2y =
2x = 139 ft/s; v2y =++ 16.0
16.0
ft/s
ft/s
At
At 44 s:
s: vv4x
4x
=
= 139
139 ft/s;
ft/s; v
v4y
4y
=
= -- 48.0
48.0 ft/s
ft/s
(Cont.): The displacement R2, is found
from the x2 and y2 component
displacements.
t=2 y
R x2 y2 tan
s x
R2 y2 = 96 ft

0 x2= 277 2 4
s ft s s
96 ft
R (277 ft) 2 (96 ft) 2 tan
277 ft
RR22 =
= 293
293 = 19.1
= 19.1 00

ft
ft
(Cont.): Similarly, displacement R4, is
found from the x4 and y4 component
displacements.
t = 4 y
R x y
2 2
tan
s x
R4
y4 = 64

ft
0 x4= 554 4
s ft s
64 ft
R (554 ft) (64 ft)
2 2
tan
554 ft
RR44 =
= 558
558 = 6.59
= 6.59 00

ft
ft
 (Cont.): Now we find the velocity
after 2 s from the components vx
and vy. v2
voy= 80.0 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s Moving v2x = 139 ft/s
Up +16
ft/s v2y = + 16.0 ft/s

0 2
s s
16 ft
v2 (139 ft/s) (16 ft/s)
2 2
tan
139 ft
vv22 =
= 140
140 ft/s
ft/s =
= 6.56
6.5600
 (Cont.) Next, we find the velocity
after 4 s from the components v4x
and v4y.
voy= 80.0 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s v4x = 139 ft/s
v4y = - 48.0 ft/s v4

0 4
s s
16 ft
v4 (139 ft/s) 2 (46 ft/s) 2 tan
139 ft
vv44 =
= 146
146 ft/s
ft/s = 341.7
= 341.7 00
Example 3: What are maximum height
and range of a projectile if vo = 28 m/s
at 300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax v = + 14 m/s
oy
30ov
ox

vox (28 m/s) cos 30 24.2 m/s

0

voy (28 m/s) sin 30 14 m/s

0

Maximum y-coordinate occurs when vy =

0: v y voy gt 14 m/s (9.8 m/s 2 )t 0
ymax occurs when 14 9.8t = 0 or t =
Example 3(Cont.): What is maximum
height of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at
300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax v = + 14 m/s
oy
30ov
ox

Maximum y-coordinate occurs when t =

1.43 s: 1 2
y voy t 2 gt 14(1.43) 2 (9.8)(1.43)
1 2

y 20 m 10 m yymax = 10.0
max= 10.0
mm
Example 3(Cont.): Next, we find the
range of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at
300.
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr
The range xr is defined as horizontal
distance coinciding with the time for
vertical
The timereturn.
of flight is found by setting y
=2 0:
y voy t gt 0
1
2
(continued
)
Example 3(Cont.): First we find the
time of flight tr, then the range xr.

voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s

voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr

y voy t gt 0
1
2
2
(Divide by t)
voy 2(14 m/s)
voy gt 0;
1 t ; t 2.86 s
2
g -(-9.8 m/s )
2

xr = voxt = (24.2 m/s)(2.86 xxrr =

= 69.2
69.2
s); m
m
 Example 4: A ball rolls off the top
of a table 1.2 m high and lands on
the floor at a horizontal distance
of 2 m. What was the velocity as it
left the table? Note: x = voxt = 2 m
R 0
1.2 m y = voyt + ayt2 = -1.2 m
2m

First find t from y y gt 1.2 m

1
2
2

equation:
2(1.2)
(-9.8)t2 = - t
(1.2) 9.8
tt =
= 0.495
0.495
 Example 4 (Cont.): We now use
horizontal equation to find vox leaving
the table top.
Note: x = voxt = 2 m
R
1.2 m y = gt2 = -1.2 m
2m

Use t = 0.495 s in x vox t 2 m

equation: 2m
v ox (0.495 s) = 2 m; vox
0.495 s
The ball leaves
vv =
= 4.04
4.04
the table with a
m/s
m/s
speed:
 Example 4 (Cont.): What will be its
speed when it strikes the floor?
Note:
t = 0.495
vx = vox = 4.04
1.2 m s 0
2m vx m/s
v = v + gt
y y

vy
vy = 0 + (-9.8 m/s2)(0.495 vy = -4.85
s) m/s
4.85 m
v (4.04 m/s) (4.85 m/s)
2 2
tan
4.04 m
vv44 =
= 146
146 ft/s
ft/s = 309.8
= 309.8 00
Example 5. Find the hang time for the
football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin

Vox = (25 m/s) cos 600; vox = 12.5

m/s 0
Voy = (25 m/s) sin 60 ; vox = 21.7
m/s
Only vertical parameters affect hang
time.
y voy t 2 at ; 0 (21.7)t 2 (9.8)t
1 2 1 2
Example 5 (Cont.) Find the hang time for
the football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin

y voy t at ; 0 (21.7)t (9.8)t

1
2
2 1
2
2

4.9 t2 = 21.7 t 4.9 t = 21.7

21.7 m/s
t tt =
= 4.42
4.42 ss
4.9 m/s 2
 Example 6. A running dog leaps with
initial velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is
the range?
Draw figure and voy = 11 sin
find 300
v = 11
components: m/s
vox = 9.53 m/s
=30
0

voy = 5.50 m/s vox = 11 cos

300
To find range, first find t when y = 0; a = -9.8
m/s2
y v t at ; 0 (5.50)t (9.8)t
oy
1
2
2 1
2
2

4.9 t2 = 5.50 t 5.50 m/s

t 2 tt =
= 1.12
1.12 ss
4.9 t = 5.50 4.9 m/s
 Example 6 (Cont.) A dog leaps with
initial velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is
the range?
Range is found voy = 10 sin
from x- 310
component: v = 10
vx = vox = 9.53 m/s
m/s =310
x = vxt; t = 1.12 vox = 10 cos
s 310

Horizontal velocity is constant: vx = 9.53 m/s

x = (9.53 m/s)(1.12 s) = 10.7 m

Range:
Range: xx =
= 10.7
10.7
m
m
 Summary for Projectiles:
1. Determine x and y components v0

cos and
vvoxox vvoo cos and sin
vvoyoy vvoosin

2. The horizontal and vertical

components of displacement at any
time t are given by:
xx vvoxoxtt yy vvoyoytt gt
11
22gt
22
 Summary (Continued):
3. The horizontal and vertical
components of velocity at any time t
are given by:
vvxx vvoxox;; vvyy vvoyoy gt
gt
4. Vector displacement or velocity can
then be found from the components
if desired:
yy
R xx yy tan
tan
22 22
R
xx
CONCLUSION: Chapter 6B
Projectile Motion