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Four Stroke, Two Stroke
Diesel, & Wankel Engine
Theory and Operation

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 Four Stroke, Two Stroke,
Diesel, & Wankel Theory
Presentation Outline

1.0 Four Stroke Engine Theory

Internal combustion principles
Valve operation
Four cycles
Valve timing
2.0 Two Stroke Engine Theory
Two cycle operation
Lubrication
Variations
Advantages/ limitations more...
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3.0 Diesel Engine Theory
Operation
Variations
Advantages/limitations

4.0 Wankel Engine Theory

Operation
Variations
Advantages/limitations

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 1.0 Four Stroke Engine
Theory
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

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Intake Stroke

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 Compression Stroke

Valves closed

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 Power Stroke

Valves closed

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Exhaust StrokValve Timing
Diagram

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 2.0 Two Stroke Engine
Theory
Up stroke
Down stroke

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2 Stroke Compression
Up Stroke occurs

Transfer
Port

Crank
Case
Reed Valve

Carburetor
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2 Stroke
Down Stroke Intake
Power
Exhaust
Occurs
Transfer Port

+
Reed Valve

Carburetor
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 Fuel Mix
Uses a premix of gas and oil
Oil injectors used in some
Normal mixes range from 16:1 to
50:1
Typical hot engines 16:1
Typical cool engine 50:1
CHECK OWNERS MANUAL !!!

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 Advantage of Two Strokes
Runs in any position
More horsepower for size
Fewer moving parts
Lighter

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 Limitations of Two Strokes
Uses more fuel than four strokes
Fuel and oil must be mixed
Plugs foul easily
Poor emissions

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3.0 Diesel Engine Theory

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 Introduction
Invented by Rudolf Diesel between
1892 and 1893
Internal Combustion Engine
Reciprocating Engine
Intermittent Combustion Engine
Utilizes liquid fuel
Compression Ignition vs. Spark
Ignition
Heavy Duty Applications
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 Diesel Compression Ratio
20:1 up to 25:1 common
Needed to ignite fuel
No spark plugs

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 Compression Ratios
Squeeze on air/fuel mixture before
combustion
Efficiency increases with higher CR
About 9:1 on gas autos
17:1 to 24:1 for diesel engines
About 24:1 CR max:
too high compression for starting
limiting strength of materials
power loss- leakage around valves
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 Advantages of the Diesel
Engine
High reliability
Low fuel cost
High power / lb. of engine
Low fuel consumption
Low fire hazard
High torque at low RPM
Greater heat efficiency- 30% (25% gas)
Longer service intervals

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 Disadvantages of Diesel
Power
Expensive to repair
Hard starting in cold weather
Higher initial cost

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Gasoline and Diesel Engine
Comparison
Gasoline power
stroke = 460 psi;
Diesel = 1200psi
Diesel heat
efficiency about
5% higher than
gasoline

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 Induction System

Air Only

Injection
Line
High Pressure
Injection Spray
Injector Delivering
Fuel

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 Glow Plugs
Resistance unit to heat cold engines
Installed in cylinder head, sometimes in
special pre-combustion chamber
Some use intake heaters
In addition, block heaters for cold weather

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Typical Diesel Engine

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4.0 Wankel Engine Theory

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 History of RCE
(Rotary Combustion Engines)

1924 - Wankels idea for RCE

1933 - patent was applied
1936 - patent received
1957 - engine runs

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 Epitrochoidal Bore
Apex Seal

Intake
Port

Rotor Spark
Plugs

Exhaust
Port

One of Three Chambers

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 Rotor and Apex Seals
Sometimes called Apex Seal Location
a Rotary Piston
Receives power
impulse from fuel
air mixture
Rotor has three
faces
Apex seals at tips-
like rings
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 Epitrochoidal Bore
E-Bore
Same purpose as
the cylinder walls
of the piston
engine
Epitrochoid curve,
generated by
rolling a circle
around another
circle Basic shape of epitrochoid
curve
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Rotors

Eccentric
Shaft

E-Bore
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Advantages and Limitations
Fewer moving parts
Single motion allows smoother
running
Compact engine, allows for more
space
Few manufacturers produce this
engine any longer

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 Summery (Cont)
What are the major differences in
parts between a 2 stroke & 4 stroke?
Ports vs. Valves
Reed valve vs. Valves
How is the fuel ignited in a deisel
engine?
Compression

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 Summery (Cont)
The Rotory (Wankel) engine uses
what type of bore?
E- Bore
What act like rings in a rotory
engine?
Apex seals
Air can be __________, while water
can not?
Compressed
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The End

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