Unit III Operational

Amplifier

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 Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp)ECS
Operational amplifier (Op-amp) is made of many
transistors,
diodes, resistors and capacitors

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 OP-Amp IC Circuit ECS

Invented by George Philbrick in

1941 in Bell Labs

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Introduction * OP-AMP ECS

INPUT OUTPUT
STAGE STAGE

GAIN STAGE
Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp)ECS

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Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp)ECS

By adjusting the pot we can null any

offset error. An offset error is when the
inputs are exactly equal but the output 6
 OP-Amp - IC Packages ECS
Transistor outline (TO)

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 ECS
Introduction * OP-AMP
Typical op-amp packages

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Manufactures of OP-AmpECS

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Ideal OP-Amp Characteristics
ECS
Ideal OP-Amp Characteristics
ECS
 Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp ECS

Ideal Op- Practical Op-

Amp Amp

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 ECS
Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp
Properties

Ideal Op- Practical

Amp Op-Amp
Input impedance 500k-
Infinite input 2M
impedance Output impedance 20-
Zero output impedance
100
Infinite open-loop gain
Open-loop gain (20k to
Infinite bandwidth
200k)
Zero noise contribution
Zero DC output offset
Bandwidth limited (a
few kHz)
Has noise13 contribution
Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp)ECS

Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp

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 Ideal Op Amp ECS

VSS v0 VDD

1) v0 Av v v
The open-loop gain, Av, is very large, approaching infi
2) i i 0
The current into the inputs are zero.
 Ideal Op Amp with -ve Feedback
ECS

Golden Rules of Op Amps:

1. The output attempts to do whatever is
necessary to make the voltage
difference between the inputs zero.
2. The inputs draw no current.
Virtual Ground according to KCL
ECS
Kirchhoffs current law, states that the
algebraic sum of currents entering and
leaving any point in a circuit is equal to
zero
 Virtual Ground ECS

Since ZIN is very

high, we assume
no current can
flow into any lead
of the op amp

When the non-

inverting input
pin is at ground,
the inverting
The equivalent circuit.
input pin is at 0V
Ideal OP-Amp Characteristics
ECS
 Inverting Amplifier ECS

urrent in to op amp is zero

v v 0
a
vi 0 vi
ii
R1 R1

0 v0 v0
ii
R2 R2

vo R2 vi v0
AF
vi R1 R1 R2
 Inverting Amplifier ECS

Solve

Solve
Inverting Amplifier ECS
Practical - Inverting Amplifier
ECS

Closed loop
gain

Input
Resistance Rif

output
Resistance Rof
Non-inverting Amplifier ECS

Closed-loop voltage gain

vo
AF
vi
R1
vi v v vo
R1 R2

vo R2
AF 1
vi R1
Practical Non Inverting
Amplifier ECS
Practical Non Inverting
Amplifier ECS
 Differential Amplifier ECS

Current into op amp is zero

v v
v1 v
i1
R1
v v0
i1 v1 v v v0
R2
R1 R2
R2 R2 R2
v v2 v1
R1 R2
v2
R1 R2
v2 v0
R1 R2
R1 R2
 Differential Amplifier ECS

There fore,

Op-Amp Input Modes
Single-Ended Input Mode
Input signal is connected to ONE input and the other input is
grounded.
Non- Inverting Mode
input signal at +ve
terminal output same
polarity as the applied
input signal
ECS
Inverting Mode
input signal at ve
terminal output
opposite in phase to the
applied input signal
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 ECS
Op-Amp Parameters
COMMON-MODE REJECTION (CMRR)

COMMON-MODE INPUT VOLTAGE

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE

INPUT BIAS CURRENT

INPUT IMPEDANCE
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
SLEW RATE
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Common mode Rejection ECS
Ration (CMRR)

Aol Aol
CMRR CMRR 20 log
Acm Acm
 Common mode & Differential mode
ECS
Gains
For ideal OP-AMP,
If, V2=V1 the Vo = 0

For practical OP-AMP,

V1 = 100 V ;
V2 = 50 V
then
V1 - V2 = Vo = 50 V

The O/p Voltage

is not only affected
by VDM also by VCM
Common mode Rejection ECS
Ration (CMRR)
CMRR - Example ECS
 ECS
Op-Amp Input Modes
Differential Input Mode Common Mode

If asignalis applied
equally to both inputs of
anop amp, so that the
differential input voltageis
unaffected, the output
should not be affected. ...
Theop amp common-
mode rejection ratio
(CMRR) is the 35 ratio of the
common-mode gain to
 Op-Amp Parameters ECS

Input Offset Voltage

Ideally, output of an op-amp is 0

Volt if the input is 0 Volt.
Realistically, a small dc voltage
will appear at the output when
no input voltage is applied.
Thus, differential dc voltage is
required between the inputs to
force the output to zero volts.
This is called the Input Offset
Voltage, Vos. Range between 2
mV or less.
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 ECS
Op-Amp Parameters

Input Bias Current

Ideally should be zero
The dc current required by the inputs
of the amplifier to properly operate
the first stage.
Is the average of both input currents

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Op-Amp Parameters ECS

Input Impedance
Is the total resistance between the inverting
and non-inverting inputs.
Differential input impedance : total resistance
between the inverting and non-inverting inputs
Common-mode input impedance: total
resistance between each input and ground

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 Op-Amp Parameters ECS

Input Offset Current

Is the difference of input bias currents

Input offset Offset

I current
I I voltage
os 1 2 Vos I1 Rin I 2 Rin I1 I 2 Rin
Thus, error Vos I os Rin
Vout ( error ) Av I os Rin 39
 ECS
Op-Amp Parameters

Output Impedance
Ideally should be zero
Is the resistance viewed from the output terminal
of the op-amp. In reality, it is non-zero.

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 Op-Amp Parameters ECS

Slew Rate
Is the maximum rate of change of the output
voltage in response to a step input voltage.

Vout
SlewRate where Vout Vmax 41 (Vmax )
t
 ECS
Op-Amp Parameters

Slew Rate
Its a measure of how fast the output
can follow the input signal.

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 Op-Amp Parameters ECS

v
desired output
waveform

v
t
t
actual output
because of slew
rate limitation

The picture above shows exactly what happens

when the slew rate limitations are not met and
the output of the operational amplifier is
distorted.
Summing Amplifier ECS
 Summing Amplifier ECS

K CL @"A "
i i i i
a b c f

v v v v

a

b c out

R R R
a b
R c f

R R R
v v v v
ff f

R R R
out a b c

a b c
 ECS
OP AMP Integrator
C

K CL @"A "
1uF

R U1 if

V1
1MOhm Vout
i i
1 f
1V
1kHz A
0Deg

v dv
i1 C1 out

R dt
1
v vdt
RC
out 1

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 46

 ECS
OP AMP Differentiator
R

1MOhm

C U1
K CL @"A "
i i
V1 1uF Vout

1V if
1kHz
0Deg 1 f

A
i1
dv v
C 1 out

dt R
dv
v RC 1

dt
out

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 47

Instrumentation AmplifierECS
 Improving the input ECS
resistance of amplifiers

Add buffer amplifiers to the inputs

Rin = infinity at both V1 and V2
 Instrumentation Amplifier ECS

vo1

v1

I
v1 v2
I
R1 I

v2

vo 2
 ECS
The Buffer Amplifier

v1 v2 v1 v2
vo1 vo 2 R2 v1 v2 R2
R1 R1
R2 R2
v1 v2 1
R1 R1
2 R2
v1 v2 1
R1
 Voltage to current converterECS

Voltage is converted in to the

current
Same I flows from source to
 Voltage to current converterECS
KVL , The sum of all the voltages around a loop is
equal to zero.
 Current to Voltage converter
ECS

The DC and low-frequency gain of a Trans-

impedance (or) Trans-Resistance amplifier is
determined by the equation

Vout I s Rf
Precision rectifiers using diodes
ECS

Vr = Cut in
Voltage
= approx. 0.6
V

Vr is % by AOL
(104)
= 0.6/ 104 =
When Vi > Vr / AOL the VOA then Op-Amp exceeds Vr and
60v
Diode conducts (ON)
Vr is % by AOL (104) So V
= 0.6/ 104 = 60v so that r is
Vi=Vo
(+ve Cycle)
eliminated

When Vi < -ve (or) Vr / AOL then Diode is OFF no current

Precision rectifiers using diodes
ECS

Applications of precision
Diodes:

Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier
Peak Value Detector
Clipper
Clamper
Precision Half wave rectifier
ECS
Precision Full wave rectifier
ECS
Precision Full wave rectifier
ECS
Precision Full wave rectifier
ECS
ECS