Presentation

Submitted to:
Sir Aleem Ahmed
Created By:
Syeda Sana Ayesha(b0901100)
 BIOGAS
What is biogas?
Substrate?
What is biogas plant?
What can biogas be used for?
Adnantages and disadvantages of biogas?
Biogas plants in Pakistan?
What is Biogas ?
Biogas is a gas whose primary elements are about
65% of methane (CH4) and about 35% of carbon
dioxide (CO2). It is a product of the natural
decomposition of any organic substance of animal
or plant origin due to the activity of anaerobic
(functioning in a non-oxygen environment)
bacteria. Major sources of methane are all animal
excrements, waste landfills, and any other organic
material which is left untreated.

Methane or swapm gas

produce naturally in swampy
ponds.
Substrate :
The most common substrates, used to produce
biogas are:
green cuttings;
maize- /grass- and whole-plant silage;
corn;
hay/ straw;
slops; grain tailings;
glycerin;
pomace;
dry poultry droppings;
poultry/turkey manure;
cattle and pig manure; food waste;
floating sludge;
rumen/stomach content;
slaughter wastes and blood
What is a biogas plant?
Substrates in the form of organic material such as
animal excrements, remnants of food processing, silage
from plants, slaughterhouse leftovers and almost any
other organic material are ground and fed into large
(2.500 to 5.000 cubic meters) hermetically-closed
containers known as digesters. In the digesters these
substrates are heated to an optimal temperature and
agitated so as to produce biogas, which bubbles to the
top of the substrate and is collected in a biogas
container. This biogas is fed into an electric generator
which produces electricity and heat. The whole process
is electronically monitored, the remaining substrate can
be used as a high quality ecological fertilizer. Fig1:
Fig1:
What is the standard process of
biogas production?
In the standard process of biogas production, the bioorganic material is
processed before being fed into the biogas plant.
The plant consists of a mixer, two digesters and a gas storage.
The Digestor:
The digesters are also called fermentation tanks and are the crucial
components of the plant since they provide the anaerob conditions in
which the bacteria generate biogas.The substrates have to be constantly
heated and stirred in order to ensure their homogenity and the consistent
discharge of gas.
The Gas Holder:
The gas holder is normally an airproof steel container that, by floating
like a ball on the fermentation mix, cuts off air to the digesters
(anaerobiosis) and collects the gas generated. In one of the most widely
used designs, the gas holder is equipped with a gas outlet, while the
digesters are provided with an overflow pipe to lead the sludge out into a
drainage pit. Fig2:
The Digestor:
Filteration unit:
Chemical absorption

High pressure water scrubbing

Pressure swing absorption

Cryogenic separation

Membrane separation
Bacterias:
The bacteria involved in the process are
methanogenic bacteria, which are subdivided into
psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic strains
according to their optimum temperature range. The
optimum temperature for mesophilic bacteria lies in
the range 38C 40C, while the thermophilic group
prefers 50C 60C. The pH value of the
fermentation substrate lies between weakly acidic
(ca. pH 6) and weakly alkaline (ca. pH 8). Antibiotics,
disinfectants and other chemicals present in the
substrate can seriously inhibit or even stop
completely the fermentation process.
Factors effecting on the
process
pH Value
Temperature
Retention time
Loading rate
Toxicity
C/N ratio
Slurry
What can biogas be used for?
Biogas for heating:
Perhaps the easiest way to use biogas is for
heating. This is because, for this purpose, no
pre-treatment other than the removal of water
is required. Biogas is usually used for heating
buildings in conjunction with a biogas plant,
but surplus heat can also be directed into the
district heating network. Fig3:
Fig3:
Biogas power generation:
Biogas energy can also be used to generate
power. Both electricity and heat can be
produced with the help of a gas powered
generator. The proportions of heat and power
generated depend of course on the design of
the plant but are usually in the region of 35
per cent electricity and 65 per cent heat.
Biogas as vehicle fuel:
Relatively speaking, biogas requires considerable
processing if it is to be used as vehicle fuel.
The energy value has to be raised by separating
carbon dioxide in order to achieve a methane
content of between 95 and 99 per cent. Water,
impurities and particles must be removed to avoid
mechanical as well as environmental damage.
Finally, the gas has to be compressed. Although
significant work is needed to upgrade methane
gas to biogas fuel, the environmental benefits are
so great that an increasing number of filling
stations are opening throughout the country.
Biogas in the gas network:
Refined biogas can be injected into existing gas
networks. Networks for town gas were perhaps
more common before but, in Stockholm for
example, there is a functioning network with
natural gas being used for gas cookers, heaters,
baking ovens, water heaters etc.

Biogas in industry:
Many industries such as sugar refineries,
distilleries, dairies and paper mills generate
processing and waste water that can be digested
directly on site. Biogas can thus be used for
heating premises, district heating power
production, heating ovens etc.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Biogas:
Advantages and Benefits of Biogas:
Provides a non-polluting and renewable source of energy.
Efficient way of energy conversion (saves fuel wood).
Saves women and children from drudgery of collection
and carrying of firewood, exposure to smoke in the
kitchen, and time consumed for cooking and cleaning of
utensils.
Produces enriched organic manure, which can
supplement or even replace chemical fertilizers.
Leads to improvement in the environment, and sanitation
and hygiene.
Provides a source for decentralized power generation.
Leads to employment generation in the rural areas.
Household wastes and bio-wastes can be disposed of
usefully and in a healthy manner.
The technology is cheaper and much simpler than those
for other bio-fuels, and it is ideal for small scale
application.
Dilute waste materials (2-10% solids) can be used as in
feed materials.
Any biodegradable matter can be used as substrate.
Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens and
parasites, and is quite effective in reducing the
incidence of water borne diseases.
Environmental benefits on a global scale:
Biogas plants significantly lower the greenhouse
effects on the earths atmosphere. The plants
lower methane emissions by entrapping the
harmful gas and using it as fuel.

Disadvantages of Biogas:
The process is not very attractive economically
(as compared to other biofuels) on a large
industrial scale.
It is very difficult to enhance the efficiency of
biogas systems.
Biogas contains some gases as impurities,
which are corrosive to the metal parts of
internal combustion engines.
Not feasible to locate at all the locations.
Biogas Companies In Pakistan:
Bio Energy Technology Application Pak (BETA
PAK) :: Pakistan
Solar & Biogas - Creative Group, Lahore,
Pakistan
Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme - Rural
Support Program (NGO)
Revgreen Pakistan - specializes in design and
manufacturing of Biogas power systems.
References :
http://www.google.com.pk/#sclient=psy-
ab&q=biogas+wise&oq=biogas+wise&gs_l=serp.
5..0j0i22i30l9.7223.16549.1.17570.6.6.0.0.0.0.92
5.3061.4-
2j2j1.5.0...0.0...1c.1.11.serp.viVGUxieuGo&psj=1
&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=50f94ca867b07ba5&biw=
1024&bih=655
http://ecovillage.org.in/ecopedia/alternate-
energy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biogas
http://www.malmberg.se/en/malmberg_start/in_fo
cus_en/focus_on_biogas/what_can_biogas_be_used
_for
http://forum.paksc.org/Thread-Biogas-plant-compa
Thanks