Mains Over Voltage and Under

Voltage Protection Circuit

 What is over voltage
When the voltage in a circuit or part
of it is raised above its upper design
limit, this is known as overvoltage.
The conditions may be hazardous.
Depending on its duration, the
overvoltage event can be transient
a voltage spikeor permanent,
leading to a power surge.
 Cause and effect of over vtg
External Over voltages

a) Direct lightning stroke

b) Electromagnetically induced over voltages due to lightning discharge
c) Voltages induced due to atmospheric changes along the length of the line.
d) Electrostatically induced voltages due to presence of charged clouds nearby.

Internal Over voltages

1. Switching over voltages or Transient over operation voltages of high frequency:

2. Temporary over voltages:

EFFECTS OF OVER VOLTAGES ON POWER SYSTEMS

Over voltage tends to stress the insulation of the electrical equipments and likely to cause
damage to them when it frequently occurs. Over voltage caused by surges can result in spark
over and flash over between phase and ground at the weakest point in the network,
breakdown of gaseous/solid/ liquid insulation, failure of transformers and rotating machines.
 What is under voltage
Undervoltage is defined as a
condition where the applied voltage
drops to 90% of rated voltage, or
less, for at least 1 minute. Low-
voltage conditions occur when a
facility asks for more power than the
line can deliver
Cause and effect of over vtg

1). Overloading of a particular phase.

2). Cable size.
3). Phase failure
4). Rust and worn out cables.
5). Loose connections.
6). Neutral failure.
Effects of Low Voltage
Low voltage is not a problem for most appliances. Older
appliances that use motors, such as refrigerators and dryers,
may be in danger of having their motors overheat. Newer
appliances that use electric motors have circuits that sense the
motors' temperature and shut down the appliance when it
overheats.
Protection circiut
 Working

In simple words when T1 conducts, T2 switches

OFF and vice versa.

The sensing voltage which is derived from the

DC supply voltage itself is fed to the base of T1
via preset P1.
The preset is used so that the tripping
thresholds can be determined precisely and the
circuit understands when to execute the control
actions. P1 is set for detecting high voltage
limits.
 Rating of component

R1, R2 = 1K,

P1, P2 = 10K,

T1, T2 = BC547B,

C1 = 220uF/25V

RELAY = 12V, 400 OHMS, SPDT,

D1 = 1N4007

TR1 = 0-12V, 500mA

 Diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component

with an asymmetric transfer characteristic, with
low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one
direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in
the other
 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power.
It is composed of semiconductor material with at
least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit.
 Capacitor:

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical

component used to store energy in an electric
field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric
 A transformer is a static electrical device that
transfers energy by inductive coupling between two
or more of its windings.
 advantage
Reliable
Cost is less
it ensure the safety of expensive
electrical device
It can be build easily
 Disadvantage
Speed is low as compared to
microcontroller based protection
system
Over current protection is not
available
Cannot give signal after triping
not immune to temp change
Thank you