Steel DOS 1

Prof. Dr. Mahboob Ali Ch.
Steel Frames
Frame is a combination of skeletal members
joined together in different ways, with the
loads either applied only at the joints or
within the members.
There are following two types of frames:
Rigid Frames
Truss Frames
Rigid Frames
These frames are combination of skeletal
members rigidly connected to each other.
These are subjected to transverse loads
within the members producing bending
moments.
There is no relative rotation between the
ends of members meeting at a joint.
Rigid frames have the following

advantages over truss frames:
These are economical within 10 to 60 m

spans.
These are good looking.
Sufficient clearance is available in case of
gable frames.
The economical spacing of these

frames is as follows:
Span (m) Spacing (m)
10 12 5.0
13 20 5.5
21 30 6.0
31 60 1/6 to 1/5 of span

There are two main types of rigid frames:
Figure10.1.Portal Frame.
Figure 10.2.Gable Frame.

The depth of simply supported girder in

buildings usually varies between /12 and
/8.
For continuous girders and those in portal
frames, the depth is usually kept from /25
to /15.
For girders in a haunched gable frame, the
general depth is /40 to /30.
Truss Frames
These frames consist of trusses supported
by columns.
The procedure for design of column of a
trussed frame is identical to that of the rigid
frame.
A knee brace may also be used for lateral
stability at ends of the truss.
Knee Brace
Figure 10.3.Trussed Frame.

RIGID FRAME BRACING

Braces are defined as those secondary members
that do not directly resist the applied loads.
These strengthen the main members by giving
them stability against buckling.
Braces may be described as relative, nodal /
discrete, continuous and lean-on.
Relative Brace
It usually connects two adjacent members in
a diagonal way preventing the relative
movement between two different points
along the length of members or stories.
Diagonal bracing, shear walls and truss
bracing are typical examples of this type of
bracing.
Diagonal Bracing
It consists of inclined tension or

compression members attached to a
structural frame.
It acts as a truss in resisting the horizontal
loads.
Nodal or Discrete Brace

It prevents movement of any one point of the member
independently with no reference to other points.
It is provided by perpendicular braces connected to
some rigid stratum.
This type of brace prevents the lateral movement or
twist at a particular section of a main member
independently without any connection to other braces.
For example, a double story column having crossbeams
at the intermediate story height is said to have discrete
brace at its mid-height.
Diaphragm
It is a member with large in-plane shear

stiffness and strength used to transmit
horizontal forces to other resisting systems
such as floor slab or other stiff roof panels.
Continuous Bracing
This type of bracing is present throughout

the length of the main member.
Example is a wall between columns and
roof sheathing / slab connected with the
beam.
Lean-on Bracing System

If the braces are them-selves connected, on
the other side, to those members which may
buckle at same or different load level, the
bracing system is called lean-on bracing.
For example, two adjacent single story
columns connected together by horizontal
links at one-third the height are said to have
lean-on bracing.
Shear Lugs
These are members that transmit shear loads

in a transverse direction into other members
by local bearing on their interface.
Usually they consist of plates, welded studs,
bolts or other steel shapes.
Vertical Bracing System
Vertical bracing system extends through one

or more floors of a building providing
resistance against horizontal loads, like
shear walls and braced frames.
General Considerations For Bracing Design

According to AISC, at points of support for
beams, girders and trusses, restraint against
rotation about their longitudinal axis should
always be provided by bracing at supports.
Designing the brace only for 2% of the
compressive load alone is generally not
sufficient.
Flexible brace connections reduce the
effectiveness of the bracing.
An adequate brace system requires design both

for strength and stiffness.
For the buckled member, the bracing points may
be assumed to act as hinge supports because the
rotational constraint provided by the bracing
elements is usually very small.
Between two bracing points, the most critical
buckling of the member may be like a simply
supported column with effective length factor
(K) equal to 1.0.
According to AISC Specifications, K-value

for compression members in trusses and
frames shall be taken as unity where lateral
bracing is provided by diagonal bracing or
shear walls.
Following notation is used in the discussion of the

bracing requirements:
Pu = applied factored load on the main member,

Pn = nominal capacity of the main member,
Pe = elastic critical buckling load of the main
member,
K = effective length factor for the unsupported
length,
br = axial stiffness of the bracing element,
L = length of the unsupported segment,

A = area of the main member,
N = number of braces in a member equal to one
less than the number of unbraced lengths,
B = the effective number of frames stabilized by
a particular bracing,
= fraction of br,ideal required for a multistory
column to that required for a single story,
= small elastic lateral movement of the bracing
point equal to the elongation or shortening of
the bracing element,
o = expected imperfection within the

unsupported length,
t= o + , total eccentricity of loading,
Pbr = force in the bracing element
perpendicular to the main member required
story or panel bracing shear force,
Abr = area of the bracing element,
Lbr = length of the bracing element, and
= angle of the bracing element with respect
to the horizontal axis.
DISCRETE/NODAL BRACING FOR

ELASTIC COLUMNS AND BEAMS
Pu
t
Pbr = br t
Figure 10.4.Discrete Bracing For A Column.
Pu
When a small invisible lateral deflection

(t) occurs, the brace provide the restraint
by developing a resistive force equal to the
spring constant of the brace multiplied with
this lateral movement.
If the brace is less stiff, more movement
will be required to develop the restraint.
In case of very stiff brace, a small
movement will occur before establishing
the new equilibrium.
Extra moment produced = Pu ,

neglecting the imperfection in the column
Resistive moment = Pbr L
For equilibrium: Pu t = Pbr L

If maximum value of Pbr L that can be

developed is less than Pu t, side-sway
cannot be prevented and the brace will not
be fully effective.
For an ideal brace, both sides of the
equation are exactly equal,
Pu t = (br t) L
br = Pu / L
An ideal brace is that which prevents the elastic

buckling and hence br,ideal is equal to Pe/L.
Any system which has br < br,ideal may be
classified as an unbraced system.
Whereas, any system which has br br,ideal may
be classified as a braced system.
Now consider a two-story column with brace at
the mid-height. The buckling corresponds to one-
story for which the corresponding shear is Pbr / 2.
Pe t = L (br t) / 2
br,ideal = 2.0 Pe / L
Pu
L
t
Pbr = br t
Pu
Figure 10.5.Discrete Mid-point Bracing of a Column.

For a column of N stories, br,ideal may be

expressed as follows:
br,ideal = Pe / L
where 42/N
= 1 for single unbraced length
The variable represents the effect of the number
of stories on the required value of br,ideal and its
value ranges from 1 for one-story to 4 for infinite
equal unsupported lengths. For columns having
initial crookedness o, required br-value
becomes:
br, req = br,ideal ( 1 + o /t )
The AISC Code allows out-of-plumb ness

up to L/500, which may be increased to
L/250 if there are chances of accidental
eccentricity.
For design equations both t and o may
be assumed equal to L / 500 giving:
br,req = 2 br,ideal
Nominal bracing strength required,
Pbr = br,ideal (0.004 L)
AISC Bracing Recommendations

For A Column
a) Relative Bracing
Required bracing strength, Pbr = 0.004 Pr

2 Pr
Required brace stiffness, br ; 0.75
Lb
where Lb is the distance between the braces.
a) Nodal Bracing
Required bracing strength, Pbr = 0.01 Pr
Required brace stiffness,
2 Pr 8 Pr
br ; 0.75
Lb Lb
Procedure to Design Nodal /

Discrete Bracing
1. In case of a beam, the compression flange may be
treated just like a regular compression member.
However, the detailed AISC provisions for bracing
of a beam are discussed in a later section.
2. Decide the bracing locations and find the
unsupported lengths of all segments.
3. Calculate either the factored applied load (Pu) or
Euler critical buckling load (Pe), which may be
used in place of Pr/.
4. Determine the value of depending upon

the number of unsupported lengths; AISC
considers = 2 for relative and = 4 for
nodal bracing .
5. Find the required area of the brace
depending upon br,req and the straight
stiffness of the brace equal to Abr E/Lbr.
6. Verify that the brace can provide the
required strength (Pbr) keeping in mind the
fact that whether the brace is active in
tension or compression.
Example 10.1:
Design braces effective in compression to

provide lateral support for a 12 m long
W610113 beam. These braces are 2 m
long, provided perpendicular to the
member, acting as point bracing at third
points of the beam.
Solution:
Note: The actual procedure for beam bracing design

is given later.
For W610113, Lb = 4 m
To be conservative, all the compression part of the

beam (half of the section) may be assumed to have
Fy stress.
Pu = Fy Ag / 2 = 250 (14,500) / 2000

= 1812.5 kN
For three unbraced points, N = 2

and = 4 2 / 2 = 3.0
(AISC recommends a value of = 4.0)
Abr Ebr 2 Pr

Lbr L
2 1812.5 1000 2000

Abr 3 .0
0.75 4000 200,000
36.25 mm 2
For bracing to be in compression, minimum

ry = Lbr / 200 = 2000 / 200 = 10 mm
Channel C756.1 will provide much bigger

area but will just satisfy the minimum
slenderness requirement.
Check for strength:
Lbr / ry = 2000 / 10.3 = 194.2

cFcr 40.97 MPa
Fbr = 40.97 781 / 1000 = 30.42 kN
> 0.01 Pr = 18.13 kN
Use C756.1 as lateral bracing

DESIGN OF A DIAGONAL
BRACE

Cos
Figure 10.6. Frame With a Diagonal Brace.

When cross bracing is used, it is generally assumed to

be effective in tension.
The diagonal that is in compression, due to its longer
length, buckles a little and becomes ineffective.
For the horizontal movement of shown in Figure
10.6, the elongation in the brace is (cos ) and the
strain produced is (cos )/Lbr.
The force in the brace becomes (Abr Ebr/Lbr) (cos )
and the component of this force acting as resisting
shear in the horizontal direction evaluates as
(Abr Ebr/Lbr) (cos )2. The corresponding spring
constant then becomes (Abr Ebr/Lbr) cos2 .
AISC Requirements For

Braced Frame
The bracing required to obtain no-sway
conditions is to be provided by diagonal
bracing, shear walls or other equivalent
means (relative braces).
This design recommendation is based on
initial out-of-plumb ness of 0.002 L.
2 B Pr
br ; 0.75
L
Pbr = 0.004 B Pu
Where L is the story height or panel spacing

(mm),
B is the effective number of frames

stabilized by this bracing and
Pr is the sum of the factored loads on all

the columns of this frame.
Example 10.2
Design cross bracing (double diagonal bracing
in the form of a cross) provided in one bay of
the two bay and single story frames. A typical
brace must stabilize three frames and is to
consist of circular rods of A36 steel. The height
of the frame is 4 m and the length of each bay is
7 m. The factored loads on the three columns of
one frame are 600 kN, 1000 kN and 400 kN.
Solution:
B =3
Pr = 600 + 1000 + 400 = 2000 kN
= tan-1(4 / 7) = 29.74
Lbr = 8062 mm
The brace stiffness must be equal to 2BPr / (L),

which gives:
(Abr Ebr/Lbr) cos2
= 2 3 2000 1000 / (0.75 4000)
Abr = 214 mm2
Diameter of the bracing

= 16.5 mm (say 18 mm)
Available bracing force = 0.9 /4 182
250 cos 29.74 / 1000
= 49.71 kN
> 0.004 3 Pr = 24 kN OK
Use 18 mm diameter solid circular rod as

bracing member
Bracing Requirements Against

Lateral Loads
V = Service horizontal load on one 2-
D frame
Vu = Factored horizontal load on one
2-D frame
G = Prescribed drift index / deflection
gradient (like 1/400, etc.) at
service load stage
h = Height of the column
B = Number of frames stabilized by
the bracing
N =Number of tension braces in one frame

R =Ratio of force taken by tension brace
as compared with the compression
brace
=Angle of the diagonal bracing
k =Sum of column flexural stiffness in the
2-D frame for the story, 2.0EI / h3 for
frames with moment connections and
1.0EI / h3 for frames with shear
connections for pinned bases and
6.0EI / h3 for frames with moment
connections and 2.0EI / h3 for frames
with shear connections for fixed bases
max =Maximum drift allowed for the story

= hG
Abr =Area of the bracing element
Lbr =Length of the bracing element
Ebr =Modulus of elasticity of the bracing

element
br =Axial stiffness of the bracing element
= EbrAbr/Lbr
V V V V
u u u u
h h h L
k = 3EI /h3 k = 12EI /h3 k=0
k = 3EI /h3
b) Rigid Floor c) Flexible Floor d) Rigid Floor

a) Flexible Floor
Force = Stiffness Deformation

V B R = B (N br cos2 + k) G h
VR 1
k br =
N cos
2
Gh
VR Lbr
Abr = k
NE br cos
2
Gh
(for stiffness)
Further, applied force = resisting force

B Vu = B N R Abr t Fy cos
Vu
Abr =
0.9 Fy cos RN
(for strength)
The area of the bracing element is to be selected
as larger of that required for stiffness and that
required for strength.
LATERAL BRACING FOR

TRUSSES AND FRAMES
Lateral rigidity may be provided for a truss closer
to its ends in one of the following ways:
The knee brace, usually provided parallel to the

top chord of the truss or at 45o angle, is the most
common of all types of lateral bracing especially
when the ends of the truss are pointed, as shown in
Figure 10.3.
Its function is to restrain the lateral

movement of the truss by anchoring it
against the supporting column.
Knee brace becomes effective by including
part of the column into the truss.
Sometimes, it is ignored in the gravity load
analysis.
Knee braces cause problems in case of
presence of crane girders and restricted
ceiling heights.
In case the top and bottom chords are nearly

parallel, the supporting column may be carried
through the end verticals of the truss (Figure 10.7).
The upper part of the column on one hand acts as

the vertical member of the truss, while on the other
hand, it provides lateral stiffness to the truss, at least
closer to the ends.
By making a rigid connection of the beam with the

column in a rigid frame.
Figure 10.7. Side Columns Carried Into The Truss.

LONGITUDINAL BRACING
FOR TRUSSES AND FRAMES
The individual trusses and 2-D frames are usually much
weaker in the lateral direction and must be connected to
each other normal to their planes.
This provides resistance to buckling of the compression
members and transfers the lateral loads to the
foundations.
In order to have certain minimum lateral stiffness of a
truss during its erection, many designers prefer the
width of the bottom chord not lesser than its length
divided by 125.
Longitudinal bracing for top chord of the truss

and for a frame is provided by the presence of
purlins.
However, for heavy loads and in case of expected
vibrations, the purlins should be reinforced by
diagonal cross bracing provided in the plane of
the upper chord members; as is diagrammatically
represented in Figure 10.8.
Usually this bracing is provided leaving a gap of 2
or 3 bays.
The diagonal braces are to be connected at their
intersections with each other and with purlins, if
any.
Purlins Trusses
Figure 10.8. Top View of Truss Top Chords, Purlins and Diagonal Bracing.
The bottom chord is connected by

perpendicular longitudinal struts, usually at
a much larger spacing compared with
purlins.
For very heavy loads, cross bracing is also
provided leaving a gap of 2 or 3 bays.
Figure 10.9 explains the placement of this
type of bracing when looked from bottom
of a truss.
Longitudinal Struts / Bracing Diagonal Bracing
Trusses
Figure 10.9. Bottom View of Truss Bottom Chord and its Bracing.
Longitudinal bracing of the columns may be

provided in two ways.
The first option is used when there is no
obstruction to doors and windows. The
columns are connected longitudinally by girts at
regular interval, reinforced by diagonal bracing
after a gap of 2 or 3 bays (Figure 10.10).
This effectively reduces the column unbraced
length about the weaker axis.
Girt
Slopping Roof
Column Height
Figure 10.10. Longitudinal Column Bracing in Option-1.

Figure 10.11 presents the second option, in

which a clear spacing is left in certain lower
height of the columns for doors and
windows.
The effective column length is increased
about the weaker axis and the column
section may come out to be uneconomical.
Slopping Roof
Column Height
Figure 10.11. Longitudinal Column Bracing in Option-2.

Sizing Of Longitudinal Bracing
There are two common methods for sizing

of the bracing elements:
Design for wind forces.

Selecting minimum sizes.
Design For Wind Forces

In this method, wind-panel loads are calculated
on lateral faces of the building, which produce a
horizontal shear across the length of the
building.
This shear is equally divided among the bays
having cross bracing.
The indeterminate problem of dividing this
shear into the two cross bracing members may
be empirically solved in two ways as under:
a) The wind shear is equally divided between the

two members of the diagonal bracing considering
their inclination.
Force in each member = wind shear / (2 cos)
where is the angle of the bracing member with the

horizontal.
Both the members are then designed as compression

members with a maximum slenderness ratio of 200.
b) One member is assumed in tension while

the other in compression and hence only
tension member remains effective as the
compression member is allowed to buckle.
Total shear is taken by the tension member and

the maximum slenderness is kept equal to 300.
Both members are identically sized for

reversal of wind shear direction.
The wind load intensity on the lateral faces

of the building is conservatively considered
equal to 0.8 times 1000 Pa on the windward
side and 0.5 times 1000 Pa on the leeward
side.
This gives a factored total intensity of
1.3 (800 + 500) equal to 1690 Pa.
Referring to Figure 10.12, the wind force at
various locations of the truss may be
calculated as follows:
A p tan/cos
p/cos
B
2/2 h1
C
D
1 2 1 h2
Figure 10.12. Wind Load on Lateral Side of a Truss Building.

1 2 h1 1 p p tan
WA = 2 2 2 2 2 cos cos 1690

2 h1 p 2 sin
= 1690 (N)
8 3
cos
p p tan
WB = 2 1690
cos cos
p 2 sin
= 2 1690 (N)
cos 3
1 h2 1 1 h1
WC = 2 2 2 2 4 1690

1 h2 1 h1
= 1690 (N)
4 16
h2 2 1 2 h1 1 h1
WD = 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 p 1690

h2 1 2 2 h1 h1 p
= 1690 (N)
4 8 2
The top chord bracing may be designed for

the shear WB.
The bottom chord bracing may be designed
for shear WD .
The column bracing may be designed for
the shear (WA/2 + WB + WC + WD).
However, while designing the column
bracing, the required bracing force and
stiffness should also be provided for
stability in addition to the wind force
requirements.
Selecting Minimum Sizes

The truss bracing systems rarely have forces of
sufficient magnitudes to affect their design.
Generally, the members are selected on the basis
of minimum sizes.
The controlling maximum slenderness ratio of
the longitudinal struts is usually kept at 200
while that of the cross bracing is usually kept at
300.
The cross bracing must be connected at the
intersection of the two members.
COLUMN BASES
The function of a column base is to safely
transfer column forces to the reinforced
column footing underneath.
The same concept may also be used to design
bearing plates for the beams resting on
reinforced concrete or masonry.
The column base may be subjected to only
axial load, axial load plus moment or axial
load plus shear as shown in Figure 10.6.
a) Axial Load b) Axial Load Plus Moment c) Axial Load Plus Shear
Figure 10.13. Basic Types of Column Bases.

In the first case, the load is applied through

the centroid of the column at the centroid of
the base plate.
The column end in this case is considered as a
hinge for the analysis.
In the second case, either the load acts at some
eccentricity from the column centroid or
moment is also transferred to the foundation
making the column end either a fixed or a
partially fixed end.
Anchor bolts are needed to resist the

developed tension in case of heavy moments.
Although some shear force is also present in
this second type, a separate design for this
shear force is not generally required.
The third type is usually more important when
the bracing is connected at the base.
The shear is resisted through the friction
between the column and the base plate due to
heavy axial loads or bearing in the horizontal
direction by the provision of bolts or shear
lugs.
In case of bearing plates with moments, three

different combined bearing stress distributions are
possible depending upon the magnitude of the
eccentricity.
Case I: e N/6
This case, as in Figure 10.14, represents the
application of load in the kern of the section (middle
one-third dimension) and the bearing stresses will be
compressive throughout with no anchor bolts required
for the moment. However, minimum anchor bolts
may be used for shear and for extra safety in the
horizontal direction.
e
Pu
f2
f1
N
N/6
Figure 10.14.Base Plates with Low Eccentricity of Load.
Figure 10.19.A Common Hinged Column Base.

Front Side View
Figure 10.20. A True Hinged Column Base.

Case II: N/6 < e N/2 Without Anchor Bolts
For this moderate eccentricity without anchor

bolts (Figure 10.15), bearing occurs over a
portion of the plate denoted by
A = 3 (N/2 e), for equilibrium of applied and
resistive forces and moments.
Greater is the value of e, smaller is A and the

bearing pressure increases quickly.
e
Pu
f1
N/6 A
Figure 10.15.Base Plates Having Moderate Eccentricity Without Anchor Bolts.

Case III: Large Eccentricity With Anchor Bolts
Figure 10.16 shows the case of base plate with

large eccentricity, in which anchor bolts are to be
used providing the developed tensile resistive
forces.
Linear distribution of pressure is still assumed
even at the ultimate stages as an approximation.
(a) Base With Moderate Moment
(a) Base With High Moment
Figure 10.18.Column Bases With Moments.

e
Pu
Tu f1
A
Figure 10.16.Base Plates Having Large Eccentricity With Anchor Bolts.

Axially Loaded Base Plates

W-section columns are considered here that
are centered over the base plate and the
reinforced concrete footing.
The following nomenclature will be used
for the design:
tp = base plate thickness,

fp = bearing stresses under the base plate,
B = base plate size parallel to flange of the W section,
N = base plate size parallel to web of the W section,
0.80 bf = supported base plate dimension parallel to
the flange,
0.95 d = supported base plate dimension parallel to
the depth of the section,
n = overhang of base plate parallel to the flange,
= (B 0.80 bf) / 2,
m= overhang of base plate parallel to the

column depth,
= (N 0.95 d) / 2,
fc= concrete compressive strength, MPa,
A1 = area of the base plate, B N,
A2 = area of the supporting concrete
foundation that is geometrically similar
to the base plate,
c = resistance factor for bearing on
concrete,
= 0.60,
Pp = ultimate capacity of the concrete in bearing,
=
A2
0.85 f c A1 1.7 f c A1
A1
when the concrete area is greater than the plate
area, bearing stress is increased due to
confinement provided by the extra concrete,
and Pu = factored axial load from the column.

The base plate is assumed to bend about the

critical sections (perimeter of central 0.85 bf
0.95 d portion of the base plate) as a cantilever
beam subjected to uniformly distributed bearing
stress.
The critical cantilever span is the greater of m
and n.
The most economical base plate may be
designed when the cantilever lengths in the two
directions are equal and the concrete area is
equal to or greater than four times the plate area.
If m or n is lesser than either bf/2 or d/2, the

area between the column flanges is to be
checked for bending.
This approximate method to make this
check assumes a maximum permitted
bearing pressure over an H-shaped contact
area under the column cross-section
between the plate and the concrete.
The second method assumes a uniform
bearing stress distribution and results in a
conservative but easy design.
The procedure of this method involves

calculation of equivalent cantilever length,
, for bending within the flanges as follows:
1
n = d bf
4
The critical section used to calculate bending

moment is at 0.95 times the outside column
dimension for rectangular tubes and at 0.80
times the outside dimension for round pipes.
Procedure For Design of Axially

Loaded Base Plate
The procedure is started with the known
values of the concrete pad size A2, factored
column load Pu, depth of the section d and
the flange width of the section bf.
If the concrete area is not known in the
start, it is reasonably assumed and then is
revised later if required.
The required area of the plate is calculated

as follows:
A1 = larger of
2
1 Pu 1 Pu
1. or
A2 0 . 60 0 . 85 f
c A2 / A1 0 . 60 0 . 85 f
c
Pu
2.
0.60 1.7 f c
3. Minimum size, which may be (d + 18) x (bf + 18) mm.

The plate size B N is determined such that m and

n are approximately equal.
One way to achieve above objective is to calculate
x and then B and N as follows:
x = 0.5x(0.95d 0.80bf)
N = SQRT(A1) + x >= d + 18
B = A1 / N >= bf + 18
The sizes are rounded to the nearest 10 mm
multiples.
The area of the base plate A1 is then evaluated.
The exact values of the cantilever lengths in

the two directions and the equivalent
cantilever length for bending within the
flanges are determined.
The greatest value out of the three is chosen
as the design cantilever length.
n = (B 0.80 bf) / 2
m = (N 0.95 d) / 2
n = 1
d bf
4
= max (m, n, n )
The required plate thickness is calculated and is

rounded to upper whole number millimeters up to
10 mm and then in the sequence 12, 15, 18, 20, etc.
Required plate thickness is then evaluated as
follows:
2 Pu
tp
0.90 Fy B N
Example 10.3
Design a hinged base plate for a W360314

column having a total factored load of 5000
kN. Use A36 steel and concrete of 17 MPa
compressive strength.
Solution:
Pu = 5000 kN
d = 399 mm
bf = 401 mm
f c
= 17 MPa
Using A2 2.0 A1
A1 = larger of
1 5,000,000
407 ,790 mm 2
2 0. 60 0. 85 17
5,000,000
288,351 mm 2
0.60 1.7 17
(d + 18) x (bf + 18) = 174,723 mm2
= 407,790 mm2
(say 640 640mm = 409,600 mm2)
A2 = 2 407,790 = 815,580 mm2

(say 910 910 mm = 828,100 mm2)
n = (640 0.80 401) / 2 = 160 mm

1
n = = 399
100 401
mm
4
m = (640 0.95 399) / 2 = 131 mm
= max (m, n, n ) = 160 mm

2 5,000,000
tp = 160
0.90 250 409,600
= 52.7 mm
(say 55 mm thick plate of size 640 640 mm)

Steel DOS 1

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Steel DOS 1

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Prof. Dr. Mahboob Ali Ch.

Rigid frames have the following

These are economical within 10 to 60 m

The economical spacing of these

31 60 1/6 to 1/5 of span

There are two main types of rigid frames:

Figure 10.2.Gable Frame.

The depth of simply supported girder in

Figure 10.3.Trussed Frame.

RIGID FRAME BRACING

It consists of inclined tension or

Nodal or Discrete Brace

It is a member with large in-plane shear

This type of bracing is present throughout

Lean-on Bracing System

These are members that transmit shear loads

Vertical Bracing System

Vertical bracing system extends through one

General Considerations For Bracing Design

An adequate brace system requires design both

According to AISC Specifications, K-value

Following notation is used in the discussion of the

Pu = applied factored load on the main member,

L = length of the unsupported segment,

o = expected imperfection within the

DISCRETE/NODAL BRACING FOR

Figure 10.4.Discrete Bracing For A Column.

When a small invisible lateral deflection

Extra moment produced = Pu ,

Resistive moment = Pbr L

For equilibrium: Pu t = Pbr L

If maximum value of Pbr L that can be

An ideal brace is that which prevents the elastic

Figure 10.5.Discrete Mid-point Bracing of a Column.

For a column of N stories, br,ideal may be

The AISC Code allows out-of-plumb ness

AISC Bracing Recommendations

Required bracing strength, Pbr = 0.004 Pr

Required bracing strength, Pbr = 0.01 Pr

Required brace stiffness,

Procedure to Design Nodal /

4. Determine the value of depending upon

Design braces effective in compression to

Note: The actual procedure for beam bracing design

To be conservative, all the compression part of the

Pu = Fy Ag / 2 = 250 (14,500) / 2000

For three unbraced points, N = 2

2 1812.5 1000 2000

For bracing to be in compression, minimum

Channel C756.1 will provide much bigger

Check for strength:

Lbr / ry = 2000 / 10.3 = 194.2

Use C756.1 as lateral bracing

Figure 10.6. Frame With a Diagonal Brace.

When cross bracing is used, it is generally assumed to

AISC Requirements For

Where L is the story height or panel spacing

B is the effective number of frames

Pr is the sum of the factored loads on all

The brace stiffness must be equal to 2BPr / (L),

Diameter of the bracing

Use 18 mm diameter solid circular rod as

Bracing Requirements Against