CHAPTER 2

BLOOD CIRCULATION AND

TRANSPORT
 2.1 The Transport System in
Human Being
Internal transport system is needed to deliver
useful materials to body cells and remove waste
materials
Internal transport system Circulatory system
Human circulatory system Double circulatory
system
Blood must flow through heart twice
Pulmonary circulation
Transport blood between heart and lungs
Systematic circulation
Transport blood between the heart and all other parts
of body
Characteristics of circulatory
system
Circulating fluid
Blood
Transports useful and waste materials
Pumping device
Heart
Move through body by muscular contractions of heart
Blood vessels
3 main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries
Valves
Present in some blood vessels
Prevent backflow
Ensure blood flows in 1 direction only
Structure of human heart
To head
From head and body
and body

To lungs

From lungs

Bicuspid valve /
mitral valve

Septum

From trunk
and legs
Blood Vessels and Their
Functions
3 types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Human circulatory system is called a
closed system
Comparison
s
Characteristi Artery Vein Capillary
cs
Cross section

Size of lumen Small Big Small

Thickness of Thick, thinner, Wall only one
wall muscular and muscular and cell thick
elastic walls less elastic
Valves Absent Present Absent
Blood flow Fast and under Slow and Slow and
very high under low under high
pressure pressure pressure
Characteristi Artery Vein Capillary
cs
Colour of Bright red, Dark red, Bright red,
blood inside contains contains contains
oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated
blood (except blood blood
pulmonary
artery)
Function Carries blood Carries blood Connects
away from to heart arteries and
heart veins
Allows
exchange of
substances
between
blood and
body cells
Path of Blood
Flow
Aorta

Pulmonary
artery

Pulmonary
vein

Vena cava
Maintaining a healthy heart

Factorsthat increase risk of getting

heart disease:
Heredity
Cholesterol and obesity
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Stress
Alcohol
Human
Blood
Blood

Plasma Blood Cells Blood Fragments

Red Blood White Blood Platelets

Cells Cells

Plasma makes up 55% of blood by volume

The other 45% consists of red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets
Plasma
Yellowliquid in blood
90% of plasma is water
10% of plasma include:
Nutrients: glucose, amino acids and
vitamins
Proteins: antibodies, hormones, enzymes,
albumins and fibrinogen
Inorganic ions: sodium, calcium, chlorides
and phosphates
 Main functions of plasma:
To transport nutrients to tissues
To remove waste products from tissues
To distribute hormones, enzymes,
antibodies and other proteins
To distribute heat energy from liver and
muscles to all other parts of body
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Biconcave, disc shaped cells without
nucleus
 Transport oxygen from the lungs to all
parts of body
Contain a red pigment called
haemoglobin which combines with
oxygen molecules to form
oxyhaemoglobin
Carry carbon dioxide from body cells to
lungs
RBC are produced in bone marrow
Lifespan: 120 days
When RBC are worn out, they are
destroyed in liver and spleen
White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
WBC are much larger than RBC and they
each have a nucleus
Usually irregular in shape, colourless
and do not contain haemoglobin
 Produced from bone marrow cells
Lifespan of WBC depends on type of
WBC. It varies from a few hours to a few
months
Play a vital role in bodys defense
against diseases
Produce antibodies
WBC can squeeze through walls of blood
capillaries into the space among the
cells to destroy the bacteria
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Play an important role in blood clotting
Blood groups
ABO system classifies the human
blood into 4 groups called A, B, AB and
O.
During blood transfusion, donors blood
must be compatible with the recipients
blood
When an incompatible type of blood is
transfused, RBC of donated blood will
agglutinate and cause fatal blockages in
recipients blood vessels
 Donors blood

O A B AB
Recipients

O
blood

A
B
AB

Compatible

Incompatible
 Blood group O can safely donate
blood, in small quantities, to anyone.
People with group O are called
universal donors
Blood group AB can safely receive
blood from anyone. Group AB people are
called universal recipients
Transport system in
Plants
Wilting

Non woody plants depend on the water

stored in the cells of the stem for
support
Wilting occurs in non woody plants when
water loss through aerial parts of plant
exceeds water absorption by roots
Cells in plants lose their turgidity
(stiffness) and the plant droops
Transport Tissues in
Plants
Transport system in plants is made up of
Xylem tissues
Phloem tissues
Theyare found in roots, stems and
leaves
Cross section of root

Cross section of stem

Cross section of leaf

Upper
epidermis

Lower
epidermis
Xylem tissues

Made up of xylem vessels

Form woody tissues of plants and give
support
Transport water and dissolved minerals
from roots, up the stems and to the
leaves
Phloem
tissues
Transport food substances from leaves
to the stems and roots
Xylem and phloem tissues form vascular
bundles