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HERPES SIMPLEX
GENITALIA
Pante, Jaselle
Paronable, Ana Muriel
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HERPES SIMPLE
CUPID
S ITCH
VENUS
CUP CURSE
DIS IDS
EAS
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GENITAL
HERPES HE
E R PES PROG RPES
H LIS ENIT
I TA ALIS
GEN

HERPES SIMPLEX GENITALIA

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Herpes
A family of viruses. Herpes also refers to infection with one of the
human herpesviruses, especially herpes simplex types 1 and 2.

The word "herpes" came from the Greek adjective herpestes,

meaning creeping, which refers to the serpent-like pattern that the
blisters may form.

Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a herpes virus.
The disease is characterized by the formation of fluid-
filled, painful blisters in the genital area.
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ORIGIN
Before the 1960's, herpes infections were largely untreated, but it was
during this decade that new experimental antiviral drugs were
developed. These drugs interfered with the replication of the DNA
material inside the virus, preventing its multiplication. These drugs were
called DNA replication inhibitors and were used for the severe and more
life threatening infections such as herpes encephalitis, herpes keratitis or
to treat those with immune suppression due to HIV, an organ transplant,
chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Initially, the medications used for herpes infections were 5-iodo-2'-

deoxyuridine, idoxuridine and 1--D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C.

In the 1970's, the drug 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine or acyclovir

was developed, which had a lower toxicity and better efficacy and was
declared the drug of choice in herpes simplex infection by the FDA in
1998. It could also be used to treat herpes in newborns.
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Genital Herpes
Infection with the herpes simplex virus, commonly known as herpes,
can be due to either herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or herpes
simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 is almost exclusively sexually
transmitted, causing infection in the genital or anal area (genital
herpes). However, HSV-1 can also be transmitted to the genital area
through oral-genital contact to cause genital herpes.
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Morphological
Description

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an enveloped,

doubled-stranded DNA virus and a member
of the Herpesviridae family. The organism
possesses an icosahedralcapsid and is
considered to be relatively large for a virus,
with virions ranging from 120 nm
(nanometers) to 300 nm in size.
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Incubation Period
The incubation of primary genital herpes
period is 3-7 days (range, 1 d to 3 wk).

Virulence Factors
can cause the permanent infection in a patients life by replicating viral
DNAs and releasing them. Specifically, the virulent protein ICP 34.5
works with other different cellular proteins to replicate HSV.

can turn off the immune system by coating viruses with immunoglobulin,
which evasively pass through the immune system.

The virus can also escape from humoral antibodies in extracellular space
by moving directly from cell to cell. During the latency period, nucleic
acid of HSV finds a secure place in the nerves around the infected area,
so that it reduces the risk of losing or misplacing their daughter cells.
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
HSV (both types 1 and 2) belongs to the family Herpesviridae and
to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. It is a double-stranded DNA
virus characterized by the following unique biological properties:

Neurovirulence (the capacity to invade and replicate in the

nervous system)

Latency (the establishment and maintenance of latent infection

in nerve cell ganglia proximal to the site of infection): the sacral
nerve root ganglia (S2-S5) are involved.

Reactivation: The reactivation and replication of latent HSV,

always in the area supplied by the ganglia in which latency was
established, can be induced by various stimuli (eg, fever, trauma,
emotional stress, sunlight, menstruation), resulting in recurrent
infection and shedding of HSV.
PATHOGENESIS
 TRANSMISSION
The most common mode of transmission is through vaginal, anal or oral sex.
When HSV is present on the surface of the skin of an infected person it can
easily pass on to another person through the moist skin which lines the mouth,
anus and genitals. The virus may also pass onto another person through other
areas of human skin, as well as the eyes.
A human cannot become infected by touching an object, such as a working
surface, washbasin, or a towel which has been touched by an infected person.
The following can be ways of becoming infected:
Having unprotected vaginal or anal sex
Having oral sex with a person who gets cold sores
Sharing sex toys
Having genital contact with an infected person.

HSV leaves the skin just before a blister appears. The virus is most likely to be
passed on just before the blister appears, when it is visible, and until the blister
is completely healed. HSV can still pass onto another person when there are no
signs of an outbreak (but it is less likely).
Ifa mother with genital herpes has sores while giving birth it is possible that the
infection is passed on to the baby.
+ SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Most people who've been infected with HSV don't know they have the
infection because they have no signs or symptoms or because their
signs and symptoms are so mild.
Pain or itching that begins within two to 10 days after exposure to an
infected sexual partner

Small red bumps or tiny white blisters, which may appear several days
later

Ulcers that form when the blisters rupture and ooze or bleed. Ulcers may
make it painful to urinate. You also may experience pain and tenderness in
your genital area until the infection clears.

Scabs that form as the ulcers heal

Flu-like symptoms
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People who become infected with HSV will have the virus for the rest
of their lives. Even if it does not manifest symptoms, the virus will
continue to live in an infected persons nerve cells. Some people may
experience regular outbreaks. Others will only experience one
outbreak after they have been infected, after which the virus may
become dormant. Even if a virus is dormant, an outbreak can be
triggered by certain stimuli, such as:
stress
menstrual periods
fever or illness
sun exposure or sunburn

It is believed that the outbreaks may become less intense over time
because the body starts creating antibodies. If a generally healthy
individual has been infected with the virus, there are usually no
complications.
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TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
A swab is taken from the sample of fluid from the sore and then send it to a
laboratory for testing.In rare cases, The test may also be done using other
types of samples, such as spinal fluid, blood, urine, or tears.

Herpes viral culture. This test involves taking a tissue sample or scraping of the
sores for examination in the laboratory.

Herpes virus antigen detection test. Cells from a fresh sore are scraped off and
then smeared onto a microscope slide. This test finds markers (called antigens) on
the surface of cells infected with the herpes virus. This test may be done with or in
place of a viral culture.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. PCR is used to copy your DNA from a
sample of your blood, tissue from a sore or spinal fluid. The DNA can then be
tested to establish the presence of HSV and determine which type of HSV you have.

Antibody tests, Blood tests. This test analyzes a sample of your blood for
the presence of HSV antibodies to detect a past herpes infection
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Results
NORMAL ABNORMAL

Positive
Negative
HSV grows in viral culture
No HSV grows in viral culture
viral antigens or DNA are found
No viral antigens or DNA are
found Antibodies to herpes are present in
the blood
No herpes antibodies are present in
the blood
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Complications associated with the
disease
Other sexually transmitted infections

Neonatal herpes

Bladder problems

Meningitis

Rectal inflammation (proctitis)

Psychosocial impact

Encephalitis or keratitis
+ TREATMENT
There's no cure for genital herpes, but medications can ease
symptoms and reduce the risk of infecting others. It is possible that
your sores will disappear without treatment. However, your doctor
may determine that you need one or more of the following
medications:
Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir

Promising Vaccine currently in Phase II trials

GEN-003

Genoceas lead clinical candidate is GEN-003, a first-in-class immunotherapy

intended to reduce the transmission risk and clinical symptoms of genital
herpes by inducing both a T cell and B cell (antibody) immune response.

GEN-003 includes the antigens ICP4 and gD2, as well as the proprietary
adjuvant Matrix-M.
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PREVENTION
Individuals with HSV-2 should avoid any type of sexual activity
with other people during an outbreak.

If the individual is not experiencing symptoms but has

previously been diagnosed with the virus, a condom should be
used during intercourse. Although a condom may be used, it
may still be possible to pass herpes to your partner from
uncovered skin.

Pregnancy Precautions
herpes antiviral medications late in pregnancy to try to prevent an
outbreak around the time of delivery

having an outbreak when in labor, a cesarean section is done to

reduce the risk of passing the virus to baby. (Neonatal Herpes)
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REFERENCES

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Herpes-Simplex-History.aspx

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-clinical

http://www.webmd.com/genital-herpes/herpes-tests#5

http://www.healthline.com/health/herpes-simplex#Outlook7

http://acsh.org/news/2016/03/10/vaccine-herpes-erupts-news-9932