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INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS

ENGINEERING

STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF


MATERIALS

Instructor: Julio C. Vargas


Which one has been the MOST IMPORTANT
course that you have taken so far ? WHY ?
ARE YOU A GAME CHANGER ?

Think of an example of
something that you could do in an Engineering job
that could become a GAME CHANGER

What would be the MOST


IMPORTANT game change
one could TODAY ?

Evolutionary Vs.
Revolutionary Technologies
MATERIALS AND
CIVILIZATION
Human attribute make things
(tools, components,
Engineering systems)

MATERIALS are needed to meet specific purposes

Early cultures identified Materials are


by materials used: often
Stone Age ENABLERS of
Bronze Age revolutionary
Iron Age technologies
Discussion
Materials are often the limiting factor in bringing a
new technical concept to fruition

Think of an example in which the material


development has been the limiting factor in the
advancement of a new technology
(Your Examples)
.
.
.
Examples
STEEL
US and UK railroad systems
idea of steam-powered transportation was
ready in 1830 (however, rails too soft )
only possible after strong material was
available
SILICON
Semiconductor industry
multi-billion dollar industry
communications, computers, videos,
etc.

COMPOSITES
aircraft and space applications
Cars (higher mileage)
Strong, low density, chemically stable
materials (sports better performance)
Future Developments?

Can you think of a


new technology that
would develop if a
novel material with
improved properties
existed?
CLASSIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
METALS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
SEMICONDUCTORS
METALS
Characteristics
free electrons !
good conductors
of electricity and
heat
not transparent
lustrous when
polished
alloys or pure elements
METALS: Steel

Iron-carbon binary
alloys
Primary structural
materials in any
technology

World production of Steel


Year 2009: Top-4 Top Steel Producing
Countries
China 570 MMT
1.3 Billion Japan 90 MMT
USA 60 MMT
Tons !! Russia 58 MMT
METALS: Steel

Can you explain the trends ?


METALS:
Stainless Steel
steel alloy highly resistant
to corrosion

Main alloy Cr
(min 12 wt %) other
alloys Ni, Mo.

Why is Stainless Steel


resistant to corrosion ?
chromium oxide layer
Chromium forms surface oxide that
protects
underlying alloys from corroding
METALS:
Aluminum Alloys
High electrical and thermal conductivities
Resistance to corrosion
High ductility even at low temperatures
Light weight alloys for aircraft construction
(Al-Li, Al-Mg, Al-Ti alloys)

Limitation? Low melting T, excessive ductility

Why is Al
resistant to
corrosion ?
CERAMICS
Compounds between metallic and
non-metallic (oxides, carbides,
nitrides)

ceramic automotive engine


components
Characteristics:
good insulators
hard but brittle
resistant to harsh environments
thermally stable

example of application: US space shuttle. Surface temperatures during


reentry: up to 1450C
CERAMICS:
High-temperature applications

Ceramic parts in
newly developed
combustion engines

higher temperatures
= higher efficiencies
CERAMICS:
HT Superconductors
A small magnet floats above a
If magnet lowered toward HT superconductor.
superconductor, it induces
electric current, which creates
an opposing magnetic field

Superconductor has no
electrical resistance. Induced
current continues to flow, Magnetic fields is excluded from its interior;
keeping the magnet this is called the Meissner effect.

suspended indefinitely.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWTSzBWEsms
GLASSES: Silica
(SiO2)
Amorphous Solid =
GLASS

Silica Glass
components: SiO2, alkali
flux (carbonates),
limestone, lead and borax

Crystalline Silica =
QUARTZ (not a glass)
Structurally, glasses are similar to
liquids, but that doesn't mean they
are liquid.
Carbon
sp3

Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes
Nanotubes
Carbon
sp2

Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes
Nanotubes
Carbon
sp2
Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes
Nanotubes
Carbon
sp2

Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes
Nanotubes
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
Thermoplastics (polyethylene,
polypropylene)

Thermosets (epoxies, phenolic


resins - bakelite, polyesters)

Elastomers (rubbers)
COMPOSITES
Multiphase materials
artificially made

constituents phases
are chemically
different and are
clearly separated

examples:
- fiberglass - reinforced polymers
- carbon fiber - reinforced polymers
COMPOSITES:
CERMET ceramic-metal composite
Ni particles distributed
in a MgO matrix

Cermet Break
Pads
COMPOSITES:
CERMET
ceramic particles in metal matrix

boron carbide particles in metal Cermet Break


matrix Pads
Nano-composites
- in metal matrix
Nano-particles - in ceramic matrix
- in polymer matrix

Nanoparticle Nanocomposite
SEMICONDUCTORS
Electrical conductivity
between that of
conductors (metals) and
insulators (ceramics)

Typical semiconductors:
Silicon and Germanium

Extrinsic semiconductors doped with substituents,


such as B, Al, Ga (acceptors) or P, As, Sb (donors)
SEMICONDUCTORS:
Electronic Devices
DIODES:
Rectifier diodes
Breakdown
diodes

TRANSISTORS:
Planar Bipolar Transistors
Field-Effect Transistors
(MOSFET)
Production of Si ingot Si single crystals

Silicon wafers Handling


Doping of Si
CVD
Ion
implantation
MATERIALS OF THE FUTURE:
Nanotechnology
Cancer Treatment
Targeting and destruction of cancer cells
Energy Storage
Rechargeable batteries - longer lifetimes
Engineered Textiles
Lightweight protective gear
Environment
Photocatalysts - self-cleaning
Pharmaceuticals
Antimicrobial nanocoatings kill bacteria,
reduce inflammation, promote healing
Advanced Computing
Nanoelectronic devices - quantum dots -nanowires
molecular switches - next-generation computer chips
Packaging
Nanocomposite barrier plastics increase shelf life
MATERIALS OF THE FUTURE:
Smart Materials
Able to sense changes in environment
Respond in a controlled way
Example:
Nano-structured materials
smart coatings
containing nano-sensors
and nano-actuators
Carbon nanotubes
based materials
Due next Monday
Answer each question Write < 600 words

www.atssports.com

NOTE: Plagiarism is a serious academic offense


COMPOSITES:
IMPROVED STRENGTH-TO-DENSITY RATIO
STRENGTH DENSITY
= Load (Force) / = Mass /
Cross Sectional
Volume
area

STRENGTH / DENSITY
= =

F/A m/V Composites

Units : Units : Steel


Wood,
[Newtons/m2] Stone Bronze Iron

or [Kg / m3]
1800 1900 2000
[Pascals]
Year
Problem

The strength-to-density ratio of 1 Kg


Kevlar is 2.5 x 106 Pa m3 / Kg.

What mass can be supported


by a 1 meter-long Kevlar rope
that has a mass of 1 Kg ?

M Kg ?

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