Chapter 07

Lecture Outline
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 Chapter 7-Muscular System
Functions
1. Movement

2. Maintain posture

3. Respiration

4. Production of body heat

5. Communication

6. Heart beat

7. Contraction of organs
and vessels

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 Types of Muscles
1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

3
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Abilities of Skeletal Muscles
Contractility:
ability to shorten

Excitability:
respond to stimulus

Extensibility:
can stretch

Elasticity:
recoil 4
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 Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Makes up 40% of body weight

Named because attached to bones (skeleton)

Many nuclei per cell (near periphery)

Striated

Longest of muscle types

5
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 Skeletal Muscle Structures-
Connective Tissue Coverings
Epimysium:
connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal
muscle (outside)

Muscle fasciculus:
bundle of muscle fibers

Perimysium:
connective tissue around each muscle fasciculus
6
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 Muscle fiber:
- skeletal muscle cells
- many nuclei

Endomysium:
connective tissue that surrounds each muscle
fiber

7
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 Skeletal Muscle Structures-
Muscle Fiber Structure
Myofibril:
thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers

Myofilament:
- proteins that make up myofibrils
- Ex. actin and myosin

Sarcoplasm:
cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell) 9
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 Sarcolemma:
- cell membrane
- contains T-tubules

T-tubules (transverse):
- wrap around sarcomeres at A band
- associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcoplasmic reticulum:
- type of SER
- surrounds myosin
- stores and releases Ca2+
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 11
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 Skeletal Muscle Structures-
Actin and Myosin Myofilaments
Actin:
- thin myofilament
- resemble 2 strands of pearls
Myosin:
- thick myofilament
- resemble golf clubs
Troponin:
attachment site on actin for Ca2+
Tropomyosin:
- filament on grooves of actin
- attachment site on actin for myosin
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 Skeletal Muscle Structures-
Sarcomeres
Sarcomere:
- contractile unit
- contains actin and myosin

Z disk:
protein fibers that form attachment site for actin

H zone:
- center of sarcomere
- contains only myosin
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 I band:
contains only actin

A band:
where actin and myosin
overlap

M line:
where myosin are anchored

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 18
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 Resting Membrane Potential
Outside cell Inside cell
Na+ K+
+ charge charge
Na+ channels closed Some K+ channels open

Why is the inside of cell negative if K + is positive?

K+ is able to diffuse out of cell freely but other

larger negative molecules cannot.
19
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Na+ Charge Difference

Across the Cell
Na+ K+ Membrane
Extracellular channel channel
fluid
K+ concentration gradient

1 Resting membrane potential.

Na+ channels (pink) and some, + + + +
but not all, K+ channels (purple) + + +
are closed. K+ diffuses down its

concentration gradient through the
1
open K+ channels, making the
inside of the cell membrane
negatively charged compared to
the outside.

Cytoplasm

K+

20
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 Depolarization
- change in charges
- inside becomes more + and outside more
- Na+ channels open
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Na+ channels
Na+
Na+ open
Na+ concentration gradient

2 Depolarization. Na+ channels are

open. Na+ diffuses down its
concentration gradient through the
open Na+ channels, making the

+
+
+

+
+
inside of the cell membrane

+
+
positively charged compared to 2
the outside.

Na+ diffuse
into cell

21
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 Repolarization
- Na+ channels close
- change back to resting potential
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Na+
K+ diffuses
K+ concentration gradient out of cell

3 Repolarization. Na+ channels are

closed, and Na+ movement into + + + +
+ + +
the cells stops. More K+ channels

open. K+ movement out of the cell
increases, making the inside of 3
the cell membrane negatively
charged compared to the outside,
once again
K+ K+
K+ channels Na+ channels
open close

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Na+ Charge Difference
Na+ K+ Across the Cell

K+ concentration gradient
Extracellular channel channel Membrane
fluid

1 Resting membrane potential.

Na+ channels (pink) and some, ++ + + +
++
but not all, K+ channels (purple)

are closed. K+ diffuses down its 1

concentration gradient through the
open K+ channels, making the
inside of the cell membrane
negatively charged compared to
the outside. Cytoplasm
K+

Na+ channels

Na+ concentration gradient

Na+ Na+
open

2 Depolarization. Na+ channels are

open. Na+ diffuses down its

concentration gradient through the

+
+
+

+
+
open Na+ channels, making the

+
+
inside of the cell membrane 2
positively charged compared to
the outside.
Na+ diffuse
into cell

Na+
K+ concentration gradient

K+ diffuses
out of cell

3 Repolarization. Na+ channels are

++ + + +
closed, and Na+ movement into ++
the cells stops. More K+ channels
open. K+ movement out of the cell 3
increases, making the inside of
the cell membrane negatively
charged compared to the outside,
once again K+ K+
K channels
+
Na channels
+

open close 23
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 Nerve Supply
Motor neuron:
nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle
fibers

Neuromuscular junction (synapse):

where nerve cell and muscle fiber meet

Presynaptic terminal:
end of nerve cell (axon)
24
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 Postsynaptic membrane:
muscle fiber membrane

Synpatic cleft:
space between presynpatic terminal
and postsynaptic membrane

Synaptic vesicle:
- in presynaptic terminal
- store and release neurotransmitters
25
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 Neurotransmitter:
- chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle
fiber
- Ex. Acetylcholine

Motor unit:
group of muscle fibers that motor neuron
stimulates

26
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Please update
To 9e Copyright

28
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 Steps in a Muscle Contraction
(Sliding Filament Theory)
1. An action potential travels down motor neuron
to presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+ channels
to open.

2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release

acetylcholine into synaptic cleft.

3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na +

channels, Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes
into postsynaptic terminal (depolarization). 29
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4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to
increase the permeability of sarcoplasmic
reticulum which releases stored calcium.

5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to

actin.

6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to

move exposing attachment sites for myosin.

7. Myosin heads bind to actin.

30
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8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads
bend toward center of sarcomere.

9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.

10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down

acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close,
and muscle contraction stops.

31
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Sarcoplasmic
T-tubule reticulum

Ca2+
6

Please replace with Ca2+

portion of Fig. 7.8 7

from 9th edition

ADP

6 Action potentials in the T-tubules cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+.

7 On the actin, Ca2+ binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin 36
attachment sites.
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 37
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 38
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 ATP and Muscle Contractions
Energy for muscle contractions supplied by ATP
Energy is released as ATP ADP + P
ATP is stored in myosin heads
ATP help form cross-bridge formation between
myosin and actin
New ATP must bind to myosin before cross-bridge
is released
Rigor mortis:
person dies and no ATP is available to release
cross-bridges
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 Other Information
ATP is made in mitochondria from aerobic or
anaerobic respiration.

During a muscle contraction, H zone and I band

shorten but A band stays the same.

Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are due

to sarcomeres (actin and myosin).
41
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 Terms
Threshold:
weakest stimulus needed to produce a response
All or None Law:
muscle contracts or doesnt (no in between)
Twitch:
rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle
Tetanus:
muscle remains contracted
42
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 Isometric:
amount of tension increases (weight)

Isotonic:
amount of repetitions increases

Tone:
constant tension over a long period of time

45
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Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers
Slow Twitch Fibers
Contract slowly
Fatigue slowly
Long distance runners
Use aerobic respiration
Energy from fat
Dark meat
Red or dark because of myoglobin
Myoglobin: helps O2 bind in muscle
46
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 Fast Twitch Fibers

Contract quickly
Fatigue quickly
Sprinters
Use anaerobic respiration
Energy from glycogen
White meat

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 Other Facts about Twitch Fibers
Humans have both types of fibers

Distribution of fibers is genetically determined

Neither type can be converted but capacity can be

increased through intense exercise

48
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 49
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
Origin:
nonmovable end
Insertion:
movable end
Belly:
middle
Synergists:
muscles that work together
Antagonist:
muscles that oppose each other 50
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 Nomenclature
Muscles are named according to
Location:
Ex. tibialis anterior

Origin/insertion:
Ex. sternocleidomastoid

52
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 Size:
Ex. gluteus maximus

Shape:
Ex. deltoid
(triangular)

Function:
Ex. masseter
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Muscles of Head and Neck
Occipitofrontalis:
raises eyebrows (forehead)

Orbicularis oculi:
allows blinking (eyes)

Orbicularis oris:
kissing muscle (mouth)
54
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 Zygomaticus:
smiling muscle (cheek)

Masseter:
chewing (mastication) muscle

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Muscles of Facial Expression &
Mastication

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 Thoracic Muscles
External intercostals:
elevate ribs for inspiration

Internal intercostals:
depress ribs during forced expiration

Diaphragm:
moves during quiet breathing

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Third cervical vertebra

Sternum

Scalenes External
intercostals
First thoracic vertebra

1
External intercostals
Internal
2
intercostals
3

Central tendon 5
of diaphragm
6

8
Internal
9 intercostals

Aorta
10

(a) Anterior view (b) Lateral view

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Abdominal Wall Muscles
Rectus abdominis:
- center of abdomen
- compresses abdomen

External abdominal oblique:

- sides of abdomen
- compresses abdomen

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 Internal abdominal oblique:
compresses abdomen

Transverse abdominis:
compresses abdomen

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Rectus
Rectus abdominis Skin
abdominis (covered by Linea Fat
(sheath sheath) alba External
removed) abdominal
Linea Rectus oblique
abdominis Internal
alba abdominal
External oblique
Umbilicus
abdominal Transversus
External oblique abdominis
Internal (b) Cross section Parietal
abdominal
oblique abdominal peritoneum
oblique
Transversus
abdominis
Tendinous
intersection

(a) Anterior view

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 62
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 Upper Limb Muscles
Trapezius:
- shoulders and upper back
- extends neck and head

Pectoralis major:
- chest
- elevates ribs

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 Serratus anterior:
- between ribs
- elevates ribs

Deltoid:
- shoulder
- abductor or upper limbs

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 Triceps brachii:
- 3 heads
- extends elbow

Biceps brachii:
- flexing muscle
- flexes elbow and shoulder

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 Brachialis:
flexes elbow

Latissimus dorsi:
- lower back
- extends shoulder

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Muscles of Hips and Thighs
Iliopsoas:
flexes hip
Gluteus maximus:
- buttocks
- extends hip and abducts thigh
Gluteus medius:
- hip
- abducts and rotates thigh

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 71
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Muscles of Upper Leg
Quadriceps femoris
4 thigh muscles
Rectus femoris:
- front of thigh
- extends knee and flexes hip
Vastus lateralis:
extends knee
Vastus medialis:
extends knee
Vastus intermedius:
extends knee
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 Gracilis:
adducts thigh and flexes knee

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,

semitendinosus:
- hamstring
- back of thigh
- flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip

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Ilium Iliopsoas
Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae latae

Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductors Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
Adductor magnus

Rectus femoris
Iliotibial tract Vastus intermedius
(deep to rectus femoris
Quadriceps
and not visible in figure)
femoris
Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Patellar tendon

Patella

Patellar ligament

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Ischial tuberosity

Semitendinosus

Hamstring
muscles Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Tibia Fibula

(c) Posterior view

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Muscles of Lower Leg
Tibialis anterior:
- front of lower leg
- inverts foot
Gastrocnemius:
- calf
- flexes foot and leg
Soleus:
- attaches to ankle
- flexes foot
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Two heads of
gastrocnemius

Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis
Soleus
Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius

Extensor digitorum
longus

Extensor hallucis
longus Soleus

Fibularis tertius

Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)

Anterior view Posterior view

(a) (b)

Gastrocnemius

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Fibularis
longus
(cut)
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis
brevis Extensor digitorum
longus

Calcaneal
Fibularis tertius (Achilles)
tendon
Tendon of
fibularis
longus (cut)

Lateral view Posterior view

(c) (d)
(d): McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise,photographer
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Facial muscles

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Deltoid
Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii

Linea alba Rectus abdominis

External abdominal oblique

Brachioradialis
Flexors of wrist
and fingers

Tensor fasciae latae

Retinaculum

Adductor
longus Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
Gracilis
Vastus intermedius (deep Quadriceps
Sartorius femoris
to the rectus femoris and
Patellar tendon
not visible in figure)
Patella
Vastus medialis

Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Soleus
Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

Retinaculum

(a) Anterior view

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Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius
Seventh cervical vertebra

Infraspinatus Deltoid

Teres minor
Teres major

Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi

External abdominal
Extensors oblique
of the wrist
and fingers
Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor magnus
Iliotibial tract
Semitendinosus Gracilis
Hamstring Biceps femoris
muscles Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)

(b) Posterior view

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