Group - 1

Sumitted to : Mr. Rajesh

Sharma
Submitted by :Surbhi
Dhull 1025
Priya
 LASER

LASER :
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation.
Types of laser
(1) Solid State Lasers
In these lasers , optical pumping is used to achieve
population inversion and the active material is used
in the solid state form. E.g. Nd:YAG laser
Nd:YAG Laser
Nd:YAG LASER

Neodymium ( Nd+3 ) ion is very effective laser medium.

It is doped in yttrium aluminum garnet (Y 3Al5O12 ).
In Nd:YAG laser the emission in this laser takes place
at 1.06 m.
YAG act as a very good host material for ( Nd +3 ) as it is
very strong and has very high thermal conductivity.
This laser is capable of producing high power output
without the breakage of crystal .
Population inversion in this laser is achieved either by
flash lamps or by GaAs semiconductor.
Working of Nd:YAG laser

In Nd:YAG laser, (Nd+3 ) ion is an active

medium.
Flash and diode lasers act as a source of
optical pumping source for the transition 4F5/3 Radiation less
from 4I9/2 to 4F5/3 energy level. transition
4F3/2
The excited electrons in 4F5/3 energy
Optical Upper laser
level immediately fall to excited energy pumping Laser level

level 4F3/2 through radiation less transition

transitions. 4I11/2
Radiation less Lower laser
The excited Nd+3 ions stay for a longer transition level
time ((230s) in the 4F3/2 energy level. 4I9/2

A photon of wavelength 1.06m is Ground level

emitted during the transition from 4F3/2
energy level to 4I11/2 energy level.
The ions in the energy level 4I11/2
jump quickly to the ground level
4I9/2 through radiation less
transitions .
The population of ions in lower
laser level 4I11/2 is less than the
population of ions in the upper 4F5/3 Radiation less
laser level 4F3/2 and hence transition
population inversion is achieved. 4F3/2
The photon emitted during the Optical Upper laser

transition from energy level 4F3/2 pumping Laser level

transition
to energy level 4I11/2 oscillates in
4I11/2
the resonant cavity and simulate Radiation less Lower laser
the transition from energy level transition level
4F3/2 to energy level 4I11/2. 4I9/2
Thus , a coherent beam of laser Ground level
is obtained.
Applications of Nd:YAG
Laser
It is used for laser induced
thermotherapy.
It is used to cure skin cancer.
It is used for cutting and welding
steel.
It is used for surgery purposes.
It is used in range finders.
 Holography
Holography :the technique of
producing three dimensional image
of an object.
 Types of holograms
Reflection holograms :a
hologram in which a three
dimensional image of an
object is seen near its
surface is called reflection
hologram.
It is the most common type
of hologram
Transmission
holograms : a hologram in
which a three dimensional
image of an object is
viewed with laser lightof the
same source as was used
while recording the
hologram is the
transmission hologram.
 Applications of holography
Holographic microscopy : microscopic particles
floating in a fluid are in continuous motion. A
particle in motion can be freezed in a hologram if a
holographic record of the entire volume containing
these particles is made. Therefore , the
reconstructed three dimensional image can be
studied easily at any time to determine the
properties of a particle.
Data storage : Holographic data storage is a
technique to store data or information at high
density inside a crystal or photopolymer . The
advantage of this is that volume of the recording is
used instead of the surface of medium.
Cinematography :
holography is becoming
popular in the formation
of 3D images in cinema
and television.
Security : security
holograms cannot be
forged easily as they are
replicated from a master
hologram that needs
expensive and
technologically advanced
equipment . They are
used in many countries ,
in credit and bank cards ,
in passports , in ID cards
and in books.
H olography VS Photography

A lens is required in photography to

record the unique but in holography
light is scattered from the object
directly onto the recording medium .
When a photograph is cut into a
half , each piece shows half of the
scene whereas if hologram is cut into
half the whole scene can be scene in
each phase.
Q uantum physics