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McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-4 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sumber/ landasan Etika
Nilai-nilai atau value
Norma
Sosial Budaya dibangun oleh konstruksi sosial dan
dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan
dan teknologi
Religius
Agama mempunyai hubungan erat dengan moral
Agama merupakan motivasi terkuat perilaku moral
atau etik
Agama merupakan sumber nilai dan norma yang
paling penting
Agama mengandung ajaran moral yang menjadi
pegangan bagi perilaku
Kebijakan atau policy maker
ETIKA dan AGAMA
Agama mempunyai hubungan erat dengan moral, dasar terpenting
dari tingkah laku moral adalah agama.
Agama adalah sumber segala nilai dan norma yang hendak kita
tuju.
Prinsip-prinsip moral terkandung dalam Agama dan berlaku
universal
What is an ethical issue?
When you have to judge what is right or wrong
Should I or shouldnt I?
They discuss:
4 key principles
supplemented by 4 rules
4 Key Ethical Principles
autonomy
beneficence
non-maleficence
justice
Autonomy
Respect a persons right to make their own decisions
Prevent harm
an equal share ?
just enough to meet their needs ?
what they deserve ?
what they can pay for ?
4 ethical rules
Veracity truth telling, informed consent, respect for
autonomy
Figure 4.3
4-17
Isu Etik (dilema etik)
Isu moral merupakan topik yang penting berhubungan dengan
benar dan salah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, dan
berhubunngan dengan kejadian yang luar biasa seperti
menyangkut konflik, mal praktik, perang dsb. Contoh vaksin
meningitis untuk jamaah haji.
Dilema moral adalah suatu keadaan dimana dihadapkan pada
dua alternatif pilihan yang kelihatan sama atau hampir sama
dan membutuhkan pemecahan. Ketika mencari solusi atau
pemecahan masalahharus mengingat tanggung jawab
profesional
Tindakan selalu ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kenyamaan dan
kesejahteraan pasien
Menjamin bahwa tindakan yang diklakukan didasarkan pada rasa
tanggung jawab dan mengutamakan kepentingan pasien.
Contoh studi kasus:
Contoh:
You are a relief pharmacist at an independent pharmacy.
A patient walks into the pharmacy and asks for
Robitussin Cough and Cold. You can not find the
Robitussin Cough and Cold in the OTC section of the
pharmacy. While scanning the OTC shelves, you realize
there are no products containing dextromethorphan
available. You call the pharmacy manager to ask where
the dextromethorphan-containing products are. The
manager states that dextromethorphan is a potentially
harmful medication and should not be available to
patients without counselling from the pharmacist. The
manager stresses to only give the Robitussin to the
patient if he really needs it, to counsel him on the risks,
and to sell him just one bottle.
Here we have an ethical dilemma regarding access to over-the-
counter medications.Dextromethorphan (DM) was previously a
Schedule 1 product, available only by prescription due to the
potential for abuse.However, DM has been approved for self-
selection by patients in the OTC aisle.
The two main ethical principles involved in this case are those
of autonomy and beneficence.
Autonomy:
Competent and rational patients have the right to freely select
and purchase products that are approved for sale in the OTC
aisle.
It may be considered paternalistic to deny patients the right to
self-selection of OTC products when it is legally permissible
Beneficence:
Without adequate counselling, there is the risk for injury and
harm to the patient with DM usage
It may be in the patient's best interest to inhibit access to this
medication
The manager seems to believe he has a duty to protect his
patients from potential harm
Pharmacist are experts on drug therapy and are the primary health
professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positives
health outcomes
A profession is an occupation that requires extensive
training and the study and mastery of specialized
knowledge and usually has professional association,
ethical code and process certification or licensing.
Bioavalaibility
Clinical pharmacy
Sediaan obat
Biofarmasetika dan
Farmakokinetik sosial Monitoring obat
farmasi
Aplikasi klinis
Faramakologi Medicinal
chemistry pharmaceutical
technology dan pharmacognosy
Self Appraisal