Present Perfect Tense

and Past Perfect

Tense
Ellie A.J.K
Present Perfect Simple Tense

Present Perfect Simple Tense

Present Perfect Simple Tense

The present perfect simple tense is used to talk

about a past time, which has very strong
meaning for the present.

Eg: Ive been a clown doctor for

three years now
Question: Is Adams a clown doctor
now?

Present ______
Rule: Use the _______ perfect_______
simple
for things that started in the past and
continue to the present. (now)
Present Perfect Simple Tense

How to use Present Perfect simple tense?

Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

have/ has past participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

Subject Auxiliary verb Main Verb

+ I have seen her.

+ You have eaten mine.

- She has no been to Rome.

t
- We have no played football.
t
? Have you finished?

? Have they done it?

Present Perfect Simple Tense

Contractions with the present perfect tense

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract

the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we
write.

Contractions

I have Ive
You have Youve
He has Hes
She has Shes
It has Its
John has Johns
The car has The cars
We have Weve
They have Theyve
Present Perfect Simple Tense

List of Irregular verbs

Base form Past simple Past participle
Be Was/were Been
Caught Caught
catch
Flew Flown
Fly
gave Given
give Made
Made
Make Rode Ridden
Ride Slept Slept
Sleep Spoke Spoken

Speak
Present Perfect Simple Tense

So now that weve talked about the form (words) of the

PRESENT PERFECT, we can now look at the reasons
(function) we use it and see in what situations we need it.

There are 2 main reasons we use the PRESENT

PERFECT TENSE. They are completely different
and have no connection to one another.

Do you want to guess?

Present Perfect Simple Tense Are you Ready?
Reason #1
We use the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE to talk about a
completed past action at an unspecified time in the past.

Perhaps we dont remember when the action happened.

Maybe we dont know when the action happened.
Or we just dont care when the action happened.

The only thing that is important is that it happened

sometime before now. But not any specific time.

Ive already eaten breakfast.

Shes seen that movie before. When did it happen?
Present Perfect Simple Tense

We can use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and
continues to be true in the present.

1. I have lived here for ten years.

( started living here ten years ago, and I still live here )

2. My father became a teacher in 1992.

( My father became a teacher in 1992, and he is still a teacher)

3. My parents have been married for 22 years.

( My parents got married 22 years ago, and they are still married)

4. Mrs Laxmi has lived next door to us since 2001.

(Mrs Laxmi started to live next door in 2001,and she still lives there.)
Present Perfect Simple Tense

Reason #2

FOR, SINCE
We often want to talk about the time between when something started and
now. We can do this with for and since.

We use the word for when we mention a period of time from the past until
now.
For and hour for two years for a long time

We use the word since when we mention a point of time in the past.
Since ten oclock Since last Saturday

for three months. Ive had my computer _____

1. Ive had my computer ____ since
January.
for a year. Hes been in New York ______2003.
2. Hes been in New York _____ since
Present Perfect Simple Tense

With the words for and since to talk about something that began in the past and
continues to now.
For example: Ive studied at this school since last June.
Shes lived in West Palm Beach for 2 months.

1. SINCE + POINT IN TIME

Use the present perfect with since + point in time (since 5:00, since Monday, since
1994) to show when something started.
Ive worked at this job since last year.
Hes lived in Florida since March.
Theyve been married since 1985.

2. SINCE can also introduce a time clause.

Ive lived in Lake Worth since I moved to

Florida.
Present Perfect Simple Tense
FOR + LENGTH OF TIME
Use the Present perfect with for + length of time (for ten minutes, for two weeks, for
years, for a long time) to show how long a present condition has lasted.

Ive worked at this job for one year.

Hes lived in Florida for 9 months.
Theyve been married for a long time.

So
How do we ask questions using this tense?
When we want to know the length of time
something has taken place we use the
question words HOW LONG?
How long has she studied English at the AEC?
Present Perfect Simple Tense

Its your turn to

practice now

1. Please refer to the worksheet

provided.
2. Answer all the question.
3. Dont forget the rules!
Present Perfect Simple Tense

1. She __________ (apply) for a Malaysian citizenship.

2. The artist __________ (not paint) any pictures lately.
3. Someone __________ (steal) her purse. She does not have the purse with her now.
4. Ali __________ (hurt) his foot. He will not be able to go to Lumut with us.
5. I met Susan in 1990. She __________ (be) my best friend ever since.
6. She __________ (not meet) her father. He died in an accident when she was very
young.
7. Although he got up a few hours ago, he __________ (not make) his bed yet.
8. They __________ (not see) land for days since they left the island.
9. I __________ (polish) your shoes. They look shiny.
10. They have to paint one hundred houses. So far, they __________ (paint) only ten.
3.3 Grammar
Past Perfect
Positive Negative Question Short answer
Had
I/ you/ we/ I/ you/ we/ they/ .. I/ you/ we/ Yes, I/ you/ we/
hadnt
they/ he/ she/ he/ she/ it/ they/ he/ she/ it they/ he/ she/ it
had
it/ (had not) changed. changed? .
had changed.
No, I/ you/ we/
hadnt
they/ he/ she/ it
..
(had
not)
3.3 Grammar
Past Perfect
A. We use the past perfect when we need to make it
clear that one action happened before another
action
in the past.

1. When I arrived at Jims house, the party had started

(= the party started before I arrived)

Compare this with :

2. When I arrived at Jims house, the party started

(= I arrived, and then the party started)
 The Past Perfect

had received it hit

had eaten my friend stopped by

The Titanic had received many warnings before it

hit the iceberg.
I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to
visit.
3.3 Grammar
B. We form the past perfect with

had/ hadnt (had not) + main verb

(past participle)

Example:
1. I didnt see Jane because she had gone out.

2. We got to the bus station late, and the bus had already left.

3. I failed the exam because I hadnt studied enough.

4. I was happy that Mike gave me that DVD, because I hadnt seen
it before.
3.3 Grammar
List of Irregular verbs
Base form Past simple Past participle
Be Was/were Been
Caught Caught
catch
Flew Flown
Fly
gave Given
give Made
Made
Make Rode Ridden
Ride Slept Slept
Sleep Spoke Spoken

Speak
3.3 Grammar
C. When we use words like before and after in the past, it is often
not necessary to use the past perfect, because before and after
make it clear which action happened first.

1. The party started before I arrived.

2. We got to the train station after the train left.

D. We often use the words already and just with the past perfect
they go between had and the main verb.

1. I didnt go to the cinema with them because Id already

seen the film.

2. I had just arrived at my school when my mobile phone

rang.
3.3 Grammar

Its your turn to

practice now

1. Please refer to the worksheet

provided.
2. Answer all the question.
3. Dont forget the rules!
 Practice!
had
started
1) When I arrived at the cinema, the film__________(start).

had
lived
2) She________(live)in China before she went to Thailand..
had
eaten
3) After they__________(eat)the
had shellfish, they began to feel sick..
listened

had
4) If you________(listen)to me, you
leftwould have gotten the job..
had
finished
5) Julie didnt arrive until after I________(leave)..
had
been
6) When we_________(finish)dinner, we went out..
had met
had
7) The garden was dead because it_________(be)dry
forgotten all summer..

had
studied
8) He_________(meet)her somewhere before..
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The present perfect continuous is often very
similar in meaning to the present perfect
tense.

Just like the Present Perfect, we can use

this grammar to talk about something that
started in the past, but is still happening.

But the present perfect continuous focuses

more on the continuous action. The
emphasis is on the duration of the action.
 Example:
It began raining two hours ago.
It is STILL raining now.

*It has been raining for two hours.

This is the present

perfect continuous
tense.
 Present Perfect Continuous Form:
This grammar has 3 parts:
HAS N verb in
B E E
or + + -ING
HAVE
 Negative Form:
hasnt (=has not) been +ing

havent (=have not) been +ing

John has not been living in L.A. for very long. (or
hasnt been living)

I have not been exercising very much recently.

(or havent been exercising)
More Examples of P.P. Continuous:
Jane started to work in her garden at 8:00 this
morning. Now it is 12:00.

She has been working in her garden for 4 hours!

Wow! Thats a long time!

Wheres Kelly?
Shes sleeping.
Shes been sleeping for a long time.

Sam and Paul are talking in the hallway. They

have been talking
since their class ended.
 Difference in Meaning:
UNLIKE the Present Perfect, the Present
Perfect Continuous is never used to talk
about recently finished actions.

1)Susan has mopped the floor.

-present perfect
(recently finished)

2) Susan has been mopping the floor for 15

minutes.
-p.p. continuous; not finished yet
 Difference in Meaning:
The present perfect focuses more on the result
of the action while the present perfect
continuous focuses more on the action itself.

Tom and Lucy have been painting

all morning! (focus on the activity)

They have just painted the living

room. Doesnt it look great?
(focus on the result)
 Note! In English, we dont usually use stative (non-action) verbs with
continuous tenses.

Example:
Jean got a headache two hours ago.
She still has a headache now.

She has been having a headache for two hours.

Because have is a stative verb, we dont

like to put it in continuous form; so
instead, we use present perfect:

Jean has had a headache for two hours.

 Review:
1. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous can
be often be used in the same circumstance.-especially with the
verbs live, work, and study (+when we use since/for)

Example:

1) I have worked at ECC for many years.

-present perfect
2) I have been working at ECC for many years.
-present perfect continuous

-In this case, both actions started in the past and

continue up to the present time.
 Review:
2. However, we DONT use the Present Perfect
Continuous with stative (non-action) verbs; instead, we
prefer to use the Present Perfect.

Example:

1) I have been knowing Maria for many years.

-INCORRECT
2) I have known Maria for Many years.
-CORRECT
 Review:
3. Present Perfect is often used for actions
that were recently completed. We often use
just in these cases.

-Mark has just finished his Math

homework.
*We also use the present perfect with
YET in negative sentences:
-Mark hasnt finished his Math
homework yet.
 Review:
4.Present Perfect
Continuous is preferred
when we want to
emphasize the duration
of an action that is
not yet finished.

-Ana has been studying

for three hours! She
should take a break!
Review:
5. We use the present perfect continuous when we
are focusing on an activity that has been going on
and on (and is not finished yet).

However, the present perfect is preferred when the

focus is more on the result of a recently finished
action.
FUTURE TENSES: WILL/BE GOING TO

I will travel to Japan next

summer : decision

I am going to study German

at school: plan
 WILL / GOING TO
The simple Future has two different
forms in English: will and be going to.
Although the two forms can sometimes be
used interchangeably, they often express
two different meanings as mentioned
before.
I will probably go to London
next summer.

I am going to fly to London

next Saturday.
FUTURE TENSE : WILL FORM

Affirmative: I will travel to Madrid in October

Interrogative: Will you travel by bus?

Negative: I will not travel wont

Will you travel by train or by bus?

I wont travel by bus I will probably

travel by train
FUTURE TENSES: USES OF WILL
1.-Instant decisions: Ok, Ill see you on Friday

2.-Predictions based in what we think: It will rain in the evening.

3.- Promises and offers: Dont worry, Ill go and buy some food
for you.
FUTURE TENSE: BE GOING TO - FORM
Affirmative: I am going to travel by plane.

Interrogative: Are you going to travel by plane?

Negative: I am not going to travel

by plane because I am going to fly
in a hot air balloon.
FUTURE TENSE: USES OF GOING TO

1.- Future plans and intentions: I am going

to buy a new laptop computer next week

2.- Predictions based in what we can see

at the moment; Look at that car! It is
going to crash into the lamp post.
FUTURE TENSES
TIME EXPRESIONS
Tomorrow, next week, next month, next year

I am going to travel to New York next year

DBS 2B
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICE
Active Voice, Passive Voice
There are two special forms for verbs called voice:

1. Active voice
2. Passive voice
 The active voice is the "normal" voice. This
is the voice that we use most of the time.
You are probably already familiar with the
active voice. In the active voice, the object
receives the action of the verb:
 subject verb object

active >

Cats eat fish.

 The passive voice is less usual.
In the passive voice, the subject
receives the action of the verb:
 subject verb object
<
passive
are by
Fish
eaten cats.
 auxiliary verb main verb (past
subject
(to be) participle)
is by
Water drunk everyone
.
100 are by this
employed
people company.
I am paid in euro.
We are not paid in dollars.
Are they paid in yen?
Use of the Passive Voice

We use the passive when:

we want to make the active
object more important
we do not know the active
subject
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE?
I ate a piece of chocolate cake.
The librarian read the book to the students.
The money was stolen.
They are paid on Fridays.
infinitive to be washed
present It is washed.
past It was washed.
simple
future It will be washed.
conditional It would be washed.
present It is being washed.
past It was being washed.
continuous
future It will be being washed.
conditional It would be being washed.
present It has been washed.
past It had been washed.
perfect simple
future It will have been washed.
conditional It would have been washed.
present It has been being washed.
past It had been being washed.
perfect continuous
future It will have been being washed.
conditional It would have been being washed.