BASEMENT VENTILATION

In the absence of ventilation, enclosed parking facilities

present several indoor air quality problems. The most serious is the emission
of high levels of carbon monoxide (CO) by cars within the parking
garages. Other concerns related to enclosed garages are the presence of oil
and gasoline fumes, and other contaminants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
and smoke haze from diesel engines.

There are two kinds of ventilation and these are spot ventilation and indoor air
quality (IAQ) ventilation. Spot ventilation is used to eliminate pollutants, odors and
moisture directly from the source. One example is the kitchen fan that reduces air
pressure from the source so that the odours, pollutants and moisture are sucked
and then vented outside. On the other hand, IAQ ventilation eliminates
contaminants and then delivers air from the outside to the living spaces in the
home .

Basement ventilation systems are vital for the elimination of humidity and proper air
circulation. These systems are designed to counter mold infestation and
accumulation that could severely compromise the health of house occupants,
especially if the basement is used as a living space. Windows and ceiling fans can
help in the ventilation of the basement so that the heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) system does not have to work so hard. Installing as many
windows as possible is recommended because it is a simple way to eliminate stale
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air. They also provide a way to get rid of mold spores.
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For example, if you have a bathroom in your basement, a cheap electric fan can
be purchased to get rid of molds and any unpleasant odors. Just make sure that
the fan is linked to the light switch so that anyone who wants to use the
bathroom in the basement can activate the fan. Ceiling fans should also be used
to enhance ventilation in the basement. You can position one fan for every 10
feet . And if you use central heating, you may consider extending the ductwork
so the warm air can reach the basement

Simply adding and connecting ductwork to the homes existing heating and air-
conditioning system may be the best, obvious basement ventilation solution
Another way to provide mechanical basement ventilation is through an air
exchanger. This system mounts to the basement wall and vents cool and/or
damp air to the outside of home. Dehumidifiers,air exchangers or a combination
of both are used in homes for basement ventilation.

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality specifies a fixed ventilation rate of
below (1.5 cfm/ft2) of gross floor area.Therefore, a ventilation flow of about
11.25 air changes per hour is required for garages with 2.5 m (8 ft) ceiling
height.However, some of the model code authorities specify an air change rate
of four to six air changes per hour.

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DEHUMIDIFIER AIR PURIFIER

COMBINED UNIT

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Ducted Systems in Car Parks

For over the past 20 years car park ventilation systems have used a
system of extraction through ductwork connected to exhaust fans sized to
provide an air change rate within the car park. Incoming air is allowed to
enter freely, normally via vehicle ramps, with the air extracted from a fixed
points via the ductwork. This means there is no control over the amount of
incoming air entering the car park. In the majority of cases, this can
seriously affect the efficiency of the system.

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Jet Thrust Systems

Jet Thrust Systems, or generically 'Impulse Ventilation', uses a number of

strategically placed Jet Thrust Fans suspended from the car park ceiling
replacing the ductwork . The system has Main Extract Fans to provide the
required air change rate, whilst the Jet Thrust Fans themselves create and
control the air movement within the space. Jet Thrust Fans have a similar
function as the diffusers in a traditional ducted system, allowing control
over the supply air movement within the car park.

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The principle behind
systems: construction and positioning
Technology and material

Jetfan air extraction

As with tunnel ventilation, Jetfans are mounted on the ceiling and achieve
their effect by means of the thrust (impulse) of the air outflow. A high
induction of the surrounding air is produced here, and after a short time the
volume of air in the entire space begins to circulate. This effect results in the
transferred volume of air being several times greater than the actual flow
volume of the fan. This central airflow is then drawn into the low-pressure
area of the centrally aligned outlet air channel.

The advantage : duct systems are not required

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The car park becomes lighter and more pleasing for clients, as no bulky ventilation
ducts impinge upon the environment. This means an enormous saving of space,
along with increased efficiency in comparison with conventional systems.
Air outlet fans operate at significantly lower thrust levels, as no duct network is
required (energysaving).
Easier and quicker installation-impulse fans are much quicker and easier to install
than extensive ducting.
Lower maintenance - No distribution ductwork to clean.
Better car park security - No ducting improves CCTV coverage, keeping the
environment safer and lighter.
Sprinklers - Impulse systems are eminently suitable for use with sprinkler systems.
Where legislation requires sprinklers, it is possible for the approving authority to
accept the deletion of sprinklers where an improved car park ventilation will be
installed. In this instance, the impulse system will need to be able to maintain clear
access conditions for fire-fighters.

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In short : More safety, less costs

The largest financial benefit of Jetfans lies in the savings made in investment costs.
Depending on the results of the smoke flow simulation,experience shows that lower
investment costs are involved in installing the respective number of Jetfans,
compared with the complete installation of a duct system with a central air outlet
unit.
No penetration of the ceiling is required for the installation of Jetfans either,
meaning that the structural concept of the underground car park is simplified
significantly as well, therefore contributing further to the reduction of investment
costs, Jetfans can also be expected to generate very low operating costs on the
whole because partial ventilation is also possible.
And in addition to all of this: Jetfan systems offer maximum safety in a fire and
meet all statutory requirements.

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Parking deck ventilation
Optimal ventilation of parking decks and garages or other large spaces requires a significant
number of exhausts and air inlets. As this is often difficult to realise due to the height and
construction of a vessel or building,

The impulse ventilation system

By placing powerful ventilators at strategic locations on the decks, it is possible to achieve
excellent ventilation without ducts or creating blind spots. The impulse ventilation system
developed by Heinen & Hopman is based on the principle that a clustered and directional jet
of air from the ventilators activates the surrounding air via the induction effect; a principle
and application that is similar to ventilation in tunnels.

The impulse ventilation system from Heinen & Hopman offers you considerable energy
savings. The main ventilators can be installed at much lower pressures, which has an
immediate effect on the electrical capacity required for installation.
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JET FAN

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Construction / Characteristics of a Jet Fan

4 4

3 2 2 3
1

5 5
1 - Casing made of Sheet Steel
2- Special silencers at the inlet and outlet side
3- Inlet cone(s)
4- Protection guard(s)
5- mounting brackets for ceiling suspension
-Suitable for 300deg C operation for 1 hour
- Speed : 1450 / 2900 rpm Dual speed
- CFM : 1900 / 3800
- KW : 0.3 / 1.5
-Sound level : 53 / 71 dB
-Area Served by each Fan 280 sq.mtr.(Approx) 16
 A PRESENTATION ON

ENERGY SAVING
IN
BASEMENT CAR PARK VENTILATION
FOR
THE ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING AT

GREAMS ROAD , CHENNAI.

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 ADMIN BUILDING AT GREAMS ROAD,
CHENNAI

Proposed Hi-Tech Admn. Bldg Consists of 2

Towers- G+8 / G+5 and has a common lower
and upper level Basement
Capacity of Basement Parking for 157 cars &
97 two-wheelers.
Area of Basement (covers Towers 1&2)
Lower Basement 4664 sq.m
Upper Basement 4437 sq.m

Ceiling height of basements - 2.2 Mtr

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 Car Parking area in Basements are fully
enclosed.
Enclosed Under-ground parking area requires
Mechanical Ventilation.
In absence of Ventilation, Parking facility
presents several Internal Air Quality problems.
Most serious is the emission of high levels of
Carbon-Monoxide(CO)
CO is easily absorbed by Haemoglobin in
Human Blood and can Inhibit Oxygen delivery to
Body and can cause adverse health effects
varying from headache to death
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 The NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005
Specifies the following parameters for Ventilation:
CO level- within 29mg/cu.m (25 ppm) with
Peak level not to exceed 137 mg/cu.m.(125 ppm)

As per ASHRAE Max Level for CO

8 hrs exposure 25ppm
1 Hour exposure- 35 ppm
Air change requirement as per NBC for Basement Car
Parking :
9 to 12 ACPH under normal conditions
( For Design purpose 10 ACPH is used)
30 ACPH in case of fire emergency
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 DUCTED VENTILATION
The Conventional Ventilation System is
the ducted Ventilation system. This has:
-Provision of Fresh air fan and Exhaust Air
Fans with ducting arrangement as per
requirement.
- To be operated based on timing control.
- Full capacity of Fans has to be operated
irrespective of Smoke level or CO
Concentration.
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 DUCTLESS VENTILATION
The Modern method of Ventilation system is the Ductless Ventilation
system in which :
- No Ducts are required.
- Only Fresh Air Fans, Exhaust Air Fans and Jet Fans
required.
- CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, is
utilised to decide the number and location of Jetfans for
effective and optimum performance.
- A group of approximately 4 Nos of Jet Fans are
controlled by one CO Sensor and Integrated with IBMS.
- When the CO level exceeds threshold value, CO Sensors extends
signal to IBMS and accordingly the corresponding group of Jet Fans
are triggered.
- When CO level exceeds threshold value in approximately 50% of
CO Sensors per Basement , then Fresh Air/ Exhaust Fans are
switched ON through IBMS along with jet fans

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 ADVANTAGES OF DUCTLESS
VENTILATION
No ducts: duct system and accessories are
eliminated.
Improved air quality and efficient Operation
Optimum use of Car Park Space & Optimisation of
Head room for Vehicles and Pedestrians.
Flexibility in installation,quicker installation
Effective smoke management
During Fire Conditions, the volume of air to be
handled is of the order of 1.25 lakh CFM. Under this
situation ductless system fares better compared to
ducted system.

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 How energy saving is achieved in
Ductless Ventilation?
Ducts are associated with pressure drop,hence
higher size F.A/E.F. are reqd.
Jetfans are located using CFD Analysis in a
manner that they help FA/EF to suck/exhaust air
respectively, hence smaller size(HP) FA/EFreqd.
During low traffic in Basement, depending upon
CO level concentration, only a group of Jetfans
may be switched ON by IBMS to distribute/
dilute CO concentration, while in ducted system
higher capacity FA/EF have to be kept ON most
of the time.
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Comparison between Ducted & Ductless system:

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 Comparison between Ducted & Ductless system:
Ducted system

Operating Cost :
Assumption : All Fans Operation for 2 Hours (Peak
Hour), for Balance 6 Hours (Lean Period) Half an Hour
ON & Half an Hour OFF.
So, Total operating time=5 hrs/day.
Total unit consumption assuming 5hrs operation/day
=134.7 KW x 5 hrs = 673.5 KWH/day.
Running cost per annum assuming Rs.7/- per unit rate
= 673.5 x 25 days X 12 months X Rs.7/-

= Rs. 14,14,350/- per annum.

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Comparison between Ducted & Ductless system:

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 Comparison between Ducted & Ductless system:
Ductless system
Operating cost :
I.Peak 2 hrs - All jet fans, fresh/exhaust fans ON.
a) Jet fans(32X0.3KW) =9.6 KWX2hrs = 19.2 units
b) Fresh air and exhaust fan =77.0 KW X 2hrs = 154.0 units

II. For balance 6 hrs (Fresh air & Exhaust fan OFF)
a)25% (2 groups i.e. approx. 8 fans ) jet fans ON
for 2 hrs =9.6KWX25%x2hrs = 4.8 units
b)12.5% (1 group i.e. approx. 4 fans ) jet fans ON
for 2 hrs = 9.6KWX12.5%x2hrs= 2.4 units
c) For 2 hours (consisting of 4 durations of hr. each)
all Fans are OFF = Nil .
. Total units/day = 180.40 units

Energy cost/annum = 180.40X 25 days X 12 months X Rs.7/-

= Rs. 3,78,840.00
Maintanence Cost for Jet fans p.a = Rs. 75,000.00
Total Operating Cost per annum = Rs. 4,53,840.00
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 Calculation of Payback period

Ducted Ductless

1. Fresh air & Exhaust fans Rs. 50.90 lakhs Rs. 43.43 lakhs
2. Ducting and electrical panel and cabling,
cable tray,CO sensors. Rs. 20.00 lakh Rs. 15.00 lakhs
3. Jet fans NIL Rs. 32.00 lakhs

Total cost Rs. 70.90 lakhs Rs. 90.43 lakh

Capital cost for ducted System Rs. 70.90 lakhs

Capital cost for ductless System Rs. 90.43 lakhs
Additional capital cost Rs. 19.53 lakhs

Savings in Operating cost/ Annum

by providing jet fans = Rs. (14,14,350/- - 4,53,840/-)
= Rs. 9,60,510/- per annum.
Pay back period = 19.53 x 12 months
9.60
= 24.41 months

Or Say 24 months

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