Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Measurement
andcontrol
Prepared by
Eng. Ibrahim Taher
June / 2011
=> Ultrasound!
Electrical Output Physical Output
Curie-Weiss Law
There is a transition temperature at which ferromagnetic
materials exhibit paramagnetic behavior
Photoconductive Effect
When light strikes certain semiconductor materials, the
resistance of the material decreases (e.g. photoresistor)
Distortion of signal
Amplitude linearity
Phase linearity
Physical Measurement
phenomenon Output
Measurement output:
interaction between a sensor and the environment surrounding the sensor
compound response of multiple inputs
Measurement errors:
System errors: imperfect design of the measurement setup and the
approximation, can be corrected by calibration
Random errors: variations due to uncontrolled variables. Can be reduced
by averaging.
Classification of Sensors
1.Mechanical quantities: displacement, Strain, rotation velocity, acceleration,
pressure, force/torque, twisting, weight, flow
2.Thermal quantities: temperature, heat.
3.Electromagnetic/optical quantities: voltage, current, frequency phase;
visual/images, light; magnetism.
4.Chemical quantities: moisture, pH value
True value
measurement
Flow meters use two rotating impellers driven by the flowing liquid. This
activates a sensor which generates a pulsed output signal. Each pulse
represents a known volume of liquid that is captured in between the lobes of
the impellers. A K-factor converts the pulses into engineering units for remote
data collection and digital display.
Measures the velocity of particles moving with the flowing fluid. Signals of
known frequency are transmitted, reflected from particles, and are picked up
by a receiver. The received signals are analyzed for frequency shifts and the
resulting mean value of the frequency shifts can be directly related to the
mean velocity of the particles moving with the fluid.
Fluid flowing through the meter impacts an angular velocity to the turbine
rotor blades, which is directly proportional to the linear velocity of the liquid.
The degree of the angular velocity or number of revolutions per minute of the
turbine rotor is determined by the angle of the rotor blades to the flowing
stream of the approach velocity.
5. Open Channel Flow Meter
Measurement of flow rates in open channels is difficult because of
nonuniform channel dimensions and variations in velocities across the
channel. Weirs allow water to be routed through a structure of known
dimensions, permitting flow rates to be measured as a function of depth of
flow through the structure. Thus, one of the simplest and most accurate
methods of measuring water flow in open channels is by the use of weirs.
The operation of a vortex meters that the medium flows against the trapezoidal
bluff body inside the vortex body and separates from the body surface
periodically forming vortices. The vortex shedding creates pressure differences
behind the bluff body which will act on the vortex detection area. A piezoelectric
sensor element inside the bluff body detects the force of the vortex shedding
and supplies a sinusoidal altering voltage with a frequency corresponding to the
vortex frequency thus being proportional to the flow velocity. The transmitter will
convert the sensor signal and finally supply an analog signal for further
processing.
The heart of the device is a Coriolis sensor design, which measures low flow
independent of the fluid type or process variables.
The Carioles Effect is based on fundamental Newtonian physics (F = ma). You can
witness this in your own backyard. Take your garden hose and shape it into a U,
swing the U shape back and forth with no water running through it. Now while you
continue to swing the hose, have another individual turn on the water. You will
notice that the hose will twist; this twisting is the Carioles. Effect. The deflection of
the hose is directly proportional to the mass of the fluid flowing through it.
Types:
1. Carioles Mass Flow Meter for gas or liquid
2. Thermal Mass Flow for gas both can be digital or analog.
5. Level Indicator
A float containing a magnet rises and falls with the liquid. As the float
moves, this information is transferred to the indication rail mounted
on the outside of the tube. The white and red indication flaps
represent air and liquid level respectively.
1) Load Cells
There are different types of Load cells used for different purposes:
a) low capacity load cells.
b) mid range load cells.
c) high range load cells.
2)Weighing Indicators
There are different types of indicators used for different purposes.
3. Differential pressure ( )
4. Pressure Switch
Pressure is sensed by a diaphragm that generates a force proportional to the
applied pressure this force is opposed by an adjustable spring which, at the
point of equilibrium permits movement of an operating rod which actuates a
switch or switches.
5.Transmitter
Liquid, gas, and vapor applications,
1.Indicator
Liquid, gas, and vapor applications.
Shortcut to Electronic production for level and pres s ure ins truments.flv.lnk
1.Temperature Switches
R R 0[1 (T - T0)]
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KEEP OUR EFFORTS ROLLING
Capacitance TransducersI
Recall, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is:
r 0 A
C
d
A: overlapping area of plates (m2)
d: distance between the two plates of the capacitor
(m) Air escape hole
0 : permittivity of air or free space 8.85pF/m
r : dielectric constant air
Temperature Sensors
For various applications
For example:
a. Resistance Temperature Detector Thermometer
Required by the process industry. A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is
a temperature responsive device based on a predictable resistance change in
the sensing element.
100 OHM @ ZERO DEGREE
100+0.4 OHM/ CETEGRADE
The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared (IR) energy on to
a detector, which converts the energy to an electrical signal that can be
displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient
temperature variation. This configuration facilitates temperature measurement
from a distance without contact with the object to be measured.
:Applications
Fans, Cooling Towers Motors, Pumps Blowers, Compressors
Crushers, Shredders, Hammer Mills Rotating Machinery Monitoring.
Switch Output for PLC's
Applications:
Fans, Cooling Towers Motors, Pumps Blowers, Compressors
Operation by the Eddy Current Killed Oscillator (ECKO) principle, which is used
to detect metallic objects passing in front of the sensing face. Once a target
metal is detected, a trigger signal is produced which is then passed through the
output conditioning circuitry to give a high or low output,
1.Pressure Calibrators
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