organic

chemistry
Lecture by: Lovella Kate M. Sabile
LECTURE 3:
FUNCTIONA
L GROUPS
AND
NAMING
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?

group of atoms in a molecule that has a

characteristic chemical behaviour
reacts in a unique way that is independent of the
entire molecule
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Functional Groups with C-C Multiple Bonds

ALKENE ALKYNE ARENE

have a C-C double have a C-C triple have alternating
bond bond single and double
C-C bonds in a six-
membered ring
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Functional Groups with C-Electronegative Atom

HALIDE ALCOHOL ETHER PHOSPHAT

e.g. Cl, Br, I attached to O in between E
O with H two Cs C attached to
attachment P with 3 O
attachments
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Functional Groups with C=O (Carbonyl Groups)

ALDEHYDE KETONE CARBOXYL ESTER

IC
ACID

THIOESTE AMIDE ACID

R CHLORIDE
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
ALKANES NOTE:
CnH2n+2

paraffins
saturated hydrocarbons
aliphatic compounds
compounds which does not carry a functional
group and only has the C-C single bonds and C-H
bonds
cant be a ring
ALKANES

Straight-Chain Alkanes / Normal Alkanes:

alkanes with Cs connected to no more than 2
carbons.
ALKANE ISOMERS

Branched-Chain Alkanes: alkanes with one or more

Cs connected to 3 or 4 Cs.

Isomers: are compounds that have the same

numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the way
atoms are arranged; Gk. isos + meros which means
made of the same parts.

Constitutional Isomers: type of isomer wherein the

compounds differ in how their atoms are arranged in
chains; same molecular formula
ALKANE ISOMERS
ALKYL GROUPS

Alkyl Group: group left when one H is removed from

the
R: alkane
abbreviation for alkyl group; means radical
(incomplete species or the rest of the molecule)
-yl: replace ane ending of alkane with yl
e.g. methane (CH4) methyl (-CH3)
ALKYL GROUPS
NAMING ALKANES

Find the parent hydrocarbon

1 chain.
 NAMING ALKANES

Number the atoms in the longest

2 chain.

Note: lower number is to first branch; lower number

is to first branch alphabetically
 NOTE: repetition of subs
NAMING ALKANES tuent (di-, tr

3 Identify and number the substituents.

 NOTE: repetition of
NAMING ALKANES substi-
tuent (di-,
tri-)
4 Write name as single word.

3-ethyl-4,7-dimethylnonane
 LECTURE
EXERCISES
 Encircle and identify the functional groups
1 that can be found in the following
molecules:

sulfide carboxylic
acid

amine
methionine
an amino acid
 Encircle and identify the functional groups
1 that can be found in the following
molecules:

arene/
aromatic ring amide

alkene

alcohol
ether
capsaicin
pungent substance in chili peppers
2 Draw possible compounds that carry the
following functional groups:

naphthalene
indole

aromatic ring

anthracene phenol
 2 Draw possible compounds that carry the
following functional groups:

acetic acid benzoic acid

carboxylic acid

salicylic acid formic acid

2 Draw possible compounds that carry the
following functional groups:

phenol methanol

alcohol

glycerol
ethanol
2 Draw possible compounds that carry the
following functional groups:

ethylene propene

alkenes (3)

capsaicin
4 Draw all eight pentyl isomers.
4 Draw all five isomers of C6H14.

hexane 2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane

2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane
 Identify the carbon atoms in the following
5 molecules as primary, secondary, tertiary
or quaternary:

s s
t
p p

p
 Identify the carbon atoms in the following
5 molecules as primary, secondary, tertiary
or quaternary:

s
s t
p
p
s s
6 Name each of the following alkanes using
the IUPAC system.

2-methylbutane
2,2-
dimethylpropane

2,3-
dimethylpropane 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
6 Name each of the following alkanes using
the IUPAC system.

4-ethyl-2-
methyheptane

3-methylhexane
7 Draw both the skeletal and condensed
structures of the following compounds:

CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3

3,4,5-trimethylheptane
7 Draw both the skeletal and condensed
structures of the following compounds:

Cl Cl

CH3CH(Cl)CH(CH3)CH(Cl)CH3

2,4-dichloro-3-methylpentane
7 Draw both the skeletal and condensed
structures of the following compounds:

CH3CH2CH(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH3

3-ethylhexane
7 Draw both the skeletal and condensed
structures of the following compounds:

CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3

2,3-dimethylpentane
7 Draw both the skeletal and condensed
structures of the following compounds:

Br

Br

CH3
CH2(Br)CH2CCH2CH3
Br

1,3-dibromo-3-methylpentane