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FABRICATION AND
CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING
TO ASME VIII DIV. 1
Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials
Purpose
Introduction of the governing codes requirements
and basic considerations and concepts of pressure
vessel design, fabrication, and inspection.
Pressure Vessel
Pressure Vessel - A container in which an
occurrence takes place at a different pressure
than atmospheric
Pressure Vessels Terminology
Horizontal Vessels Vertical Vessels
wear plate
Saddle Support Details
Width of saddle perpendicular to longitudinal axis E
Width of saddle at bottom along longitudinal axis F
horn
Width of saddle at top along longitudinal axis Wb
Distance from outside of base plate to first rib d1
Thickness of base plate tb
Width of Wear plate Wp
base plate Wear plate extension above horn Lh
Thickness of wear plate tw
Distance from outside of base plate to first Rib d2
Side plate Center to Center bolt spacing in transverse Lb
direction
Web Thickness of Web tweb
Thickness of Ribs J
Included Angle
Friction Cofficient Mu
No of Ribs Nr
Cartridge
Pressure Vessels Terminology
ASME CODE SECTIONS
I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers
II Materials
Part A Ferrous Material Specifications
Part B Nonferrous Material Specifications
Part C Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
Part D Properties (Customary)
Part D Properties (Metric)
III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers
V Nondestructive Examination
VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Division 1
Division 2 Alternative Rules
Division 3 Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels
IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks
ASME SEC VIII DIV.1 Parts
Subsection A (Part UG)
Covering the general requirements
Subsection B
Covers specific requirements to the method used of
fabrication
(UW welded - UF forged - UB brazed)
Subsection C
Covers specific requirements to materials
UCS carbon and low alloy steels
UNF nonferrous metals
UHA high alloy steels
UCI cast iron
UCL clad and lined material
UCD cast ductile iron
UHT ferritic steels
ULW layered construction
ULT low temperature materials
Mandatory Appendices
Non-mandatory Appendices guidance
Vessels excluded from Section VIII, Div. 1
scope
Those within the scope of other Sections
Fired process tubular heaters
Integral parts of rotating equipment
Piping systems and piping components
Vessels containing water, up to certain pressure and
temperature
Hot water supply storage tanks
Vessels with internal/external pressure < 15 psi
Vessels with I.D <= 6 in.
Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy
Design pressures exceeding 3000 psi (20 MPa).
ASME Section VIII, Division 2
Used for high pressure refinery equipment
Uses factor of safety of 3 against tensile failure
Results in thinner vessels (compared to Division 1)
Requires additional design analysis (e.g., local and
thermal stress, fatigue) and quality control (e.g., full
X-ray, stringent material requirements)
VESSEL BOUNDARY
First circumferential joint
First threaded joint
The face of first flange
First sealing surface
RESPONSIBILITIES
User (client)
corrosion allowance
Service definition
Need for PWHT, beyond Code
Components to be included with the vessel
Any other requirements related to the service
Manufacturer
Meeting al1 Code requirements
Work of subcontractors
Proper certification
Authorized Inspector
Inspections specified by the Code
Monitor the quality control and NDE
Verify that calculations and drawings
Authorize the application of Code symbol
Sign the Data report
STANDARDS REFERENCED BY THIS DIVISION
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES
Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials
Pipe Under-tolerance
manufacturing under-tolerance (12.5%)
DESIGN (continued)
DESIGN TEMPERATURE
Maximum Operating
Minimum (MDMT)
Design temperatures
Normal Operating Design
Temperature, F Temperature, F
Less than 200 250
More than 200 Operating Temperature +
50
* 150 oF when caustic is present and the operating
temperature is 100 oF, or less
DESIGN (continued)
Design Pressure
Maximum operating pressure plus a safety margin
Hemispherical Head,
Step 2
Step 3
Is = required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring cross section about its
neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell
Is = required moment of inertia of the combined ring-shell cross section about
its neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell
I = available moment of inertia of the stiffening ring cross section about its
neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell
I' = available moment of inertia of combined ring-shell cross section about its
neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell. The nominal shell thickness
OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS
Shape of Opening
Circular
Elliptical
Obround
Size of Openings
I.D but not exceed 500 mm for I.D <= 1500 mm
1/3 I.D but not exceed 1000 mm for I.D > 1500 mm
OPENINGS REINFORCEMENT
STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT
NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS
The minimum wall thickness of nozzle necks shall be the larger of (a) or (b) below:
UG-45(a) The minimum wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection
(including access openings and openings for inspection) shall not be less than the
thickness computed from the applicable loadings in UG-22 plus the thickness added
for allowances for corrosion and threading, as applicable.
UG-45(b) Additionally, the minimum thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection
(except for access openings and openings for inspection only) shall not be less than
the smaller of the nozzle wall thickness as determined by the applicable rule in (b)
(1), (b)(2) or (b)(3) below, and the wall thickness as determined by (b)(4) below:
UG-45(b)(1) for vessels under internal pressure only, the thickness (plus
corrosion allowance)
UG-45(b)(2) for vessels under external pressure only, the thickness (plus
corrosion allowance)
UG-45(b)(3) for vessels designed for both internal and external pressure, the
greater of the thicknesses determined by (b)(1) or (b)(2) above.
UG-45(b)(4) the minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus the thickness
added for corrosion allowance on the connection;
NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS
EXAMPLE OF OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS
No Radiography
welded joints when the vessel or vessel part is designed for
external pressure only, or when the joint design complies
with joint efficiency in table UW-12.
JOINT EFFICIENCIES
ATTACHMENT DETAILS
For ts2<= 13 mm
TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET WELDS
Full Strength Weld - Partial Strength Weld - Seal Weld
Full Strength Weld.
A full strength tube to tube-sheet weld is one in which the design
strength is equal to or greater than the axial tube strength,
Seal Weld.
A tube to tube-sheet seal weld is one used to supplement an
expanded tube joint to ensure leak tightness
Full Strength Weld
The maximum allowable axial load as follows:
Pressure:
Lmax = Ft
Pressure plus thermally:
Where throat < tube thickness t;
Lmax = Ft
for all other welded
Lmax = 2Ft
Where:
Lmax = maximum allowable axial load
Ft = axial tube strength
Partial Strength Weld
The maximum allowable axial load as follows:
Pressure:
Lmax = Ff + Fg, but not greater than Ft
Pressure plus thermally:
Where throat < tube thickness t;
Lmax = Ff + Fg but not greater than Ft
Where:
Lmax = maximum allowable axial load
Ft = axial tube strength
= Pi*t (do t) Sa
Weld Size Design Formulas
ALIGNMENT TOLERANCE
The Weld Reinforcement
The operation of post-weld heat treatment
1. heating the vessel as a whole in an enclosed furnace
2. heating the vessel in more than one heat in a furnace
(with overlap 1.5 m)
3. heating of shell sections and the circumferential joints
post-weld heat treated locally
4. heating the vessel internally but the internal pressure
shall not exceed 50%
5. heating the circumferential using a soak band that
extends around the entire circumference.
6. heating a local around nozzles or attachments in the
larger radius sections
7. heating of other configurations
Welding Joints
Butt Joint
Tee Joint
Lap Joint
Corner Joint
Edge Joint
Butt Joint
SQUARE
SINGLE DOUBLE
BEVEL
GROOVE
SINGLE DOUBLE
V-GROOVE
SINGLE DOUBLE
J-GROOVE
SINGLE DOUBLE
U-
GROOVE
SINGLE DOUBLE
FLARE-
BEVEL
GROOVE
SINGLE DOUBLE
FLARE-V
GROOVE
T-Joint
(a) (b)
Plate positioning
Keeping in mind the figures on Radiation Orientation (a) and (b) we can
determine that position A is preferable. In fact, at position B it is conceivable
the lack of fusion might not be detected at all.
Radiography of welded pipes
UNDERCUT
UNDERFILL
Concavity
EXCESSIVE CONCAVITY
Convexity
EXCESSIVE CONVEXITY
INCOMPLETE FUSION
Film Processing
Normal transducers are most sensitive to defects which lie at right angles to the
direction of beam travel, e.g. laminations
Applications
Applications
Gasket Seating
(d) Total Required Bolt Area
Is the greater of
Operating Conditions
Am1 =Wm1 / Sb
Gasket Seating
Am2 =Wm2 / Sa
(e) Flange Design Bolt Load W.
Operating Conditions
W = Wm1
Gasket Seating
FLANGE MOMENTS
Operating Conditions
Gasket Seating
CALCULATION OF FLANGE STRESSES