Foundation design for

structures Tower & Equipment

mounting structure

R.R.Raj kumar
Foundation

Every structure consists of two parts,

- sub structure
- super structure

The lowest artificially prepared parts of the structures

which are in direct contact with the ground and which

transmit the loads of the structure to the ground are know

as Foundation or Substructures.
Objects of Foundation

To distribute the load from the building over a large area.

To load the substratum evenly so as to prevent unequal

settlement.

To take the structure sufficiently deep into the ground to

prevent overturning.
Input data for foundation
design
Safe bearing capacity of soil
Depth of foundation
Base area of foundation
Type of structure
Water table level
Structural loading
Raft foundation

A raft foundation consists of a large concrete slab and beam

system resisting on soil or rock and supporting all the loads

through a number of columns or wall.

Used under the conditions

- Special structures ( chimneys, silos, cooling tower).

- Reduce differential settlement.

- individual footing may touch or overlap.

Grillage foundation

It consist of a number of layers of beam usually laid at right

angles to each other and used to disperse heavy point

loads from the super structure to an acceptable ground

bearing pressure.
Soil Investigation Report

Types of soil
Depth of water table
Existing ground water table
Possibility of uplift pressure
cohesive
Corrosive in nature
Safe bearing capacities with respect to depth
Bearing Capacity

The bearing capacity of a soil is defined as the capacity of

the sub to support the load of the structure without yielding.

The bearing capacity of the soil depends upon the

characteristics such as cohesion, friction and unit weight.

The bearing capacity can be determined in the field and also

from the results of tests conducted in the laboratory on the

soil samples.
Stability analysis
Stability analysis aims at removing the possibility of failure

of failure by overturning, uprooting, sliding and tilting of

foundation due to soil pressure.

The foundation should remain stable under all the possible

combinations of loading.

The stability of foundations should be checked for the

following aspects.
Check for bearing pressure
P e
Bearing pressure x 1 6
(max or min) A b

Where,
P = Total load
A= Area of footing base
e = eccentricity
e= Mu/P it should be <L/6
b = breath of the footing

Bearing pressure < safe bearing capacity of soil

hence safe
Check for uplift
Uplift = Downward load/ Upward load

Downward load = sum of all vertical load

Upward load = volume of concrete x density of water

Up lift value should be greater then then factor of safety

Check for overturning
Check for overturning

= stabilizing moment/overturning moment

Stabilizing moment= WL/2

Where,
W= total load
L = length

Overturning moment = moment due to horizontal force

This value should greater than the factor of safety.

Seismic ground acceleration
value

Design seismic base shear
Design calculation of 400kV Capacitor
voltage transformer Foundation
GENERAL DATA
i) Equipment Drawing No. : 712-B-914
ii) Equipment Make AREVA
iii) Gross SBC of soil of @ 2.0 m below GL = 10 T/m
iv) Concrete mix = M 25
v) Density of concrete dry condition = 2500 Kg./m
vi) Density of soil dry condition = 1800 Kg./m
vii) Water Table = At FGL
viii) Submerged density of concrete = 1500 Kg./m
ix) Submerged density of soil = 800 Kg./m
Factor of Safety

For Normal Condition = 2.0

For SCF Condition = 1.50

2.0 LOAD CALCULATION

2.1 Total Shear Load

Under Normal Condition = 444 Kg
Under SCF condition = 742 Kg

2.2 Total Moment @ PL

Under Normal Condition = 1446 Kg.m
Under SCF condition = 3830 Kg.m
Self weight of equipment & structure = 1255 Kg

2.3 FOUNDATION SIZE

L x B x D x H ( m ) Pedestal Size ( m )
2.1 x 2.1 x 0.3 x 2.0 0.8 x 0.8
2.3 vertical Load
a.Submerged condtion :
Weight of entire foundation
= ( 2.1 x 2.1 x 0.3 + 0.80 x 0.80 x 0.2 ) x 1500
= 2177 Kg
Weight of soil = ( 2.1 2 - 0.8 2 ) x 0.2 x 800
= 603 Kg.
Total Vertical Laod on Foudnation = 2177 + 603
= 2780 Kg.

b. Dry condition :
Weight of entire foundation
= ( 0.80 x 0.80 x 1.8 ) x 2500 = 2880 Kg
Weight of soil = ( 2.1 2 - 0.80 2 ) x 1.5 x 1800 = 10179 Kg.
Self weight of equipment & structure = 1255 Kg.

TOTAL VERTICAL LOAD ON FOUNDATION
= 2880 + 10179 + 1255 + 2177 + 2780
= 19271 Kg.
CHECK OF FOUNDATION
 3.1 Check for overturning
Normal Normal
Maximum
i)
Condition Condition
actuating
moment due to = 1446 + 444 x 2.0 = 3829.6 + 742 x 2
wind on = 2334 Kg.m = 5314 Kg.m
equipment &
structure at the
bottom pad level
= ( 19271 x ( 2.1 / 2 = ( 19271 x ( 2.1 / 2
)) ))
ii) Stabilising = 20235 Kg.m = 20235 Kg.m
moment
= 20235 / 2334 = 20235 / 5314
iii) Factor of Safety = 8.67 > 2.0 = 3.81 > 1.5
Hence Safe Hence Safe
 3.2 Check for Bearing Pressure
Normal Normal
Condition Condition
i) Weight of = 5057 Kg. = 5057 Kg.
foundation = 10782 Kg. = 10782 Kg.
ii) Weight of soil = 1255 Kg. = 1255 Kg.
iii) Dead weight from
structure + = 5057 + 10782 +
= 5057 + 10782 +
equipment 1255
1255 + = 17094 Kg.
iv) Total Downward = 17094 Kg.
= 2334 Kg.m
Load = 5314 Kg.m
v) Maximum moment
@ bottom of pad = 2334 / 17094
= 5314 / 17094
vi) Eccentricity = 0.137 < 2.1 / 6 = 0.311 < 2.1 / 6
0.35 0.35
safety

i.e. = 0.137 < 0.35 = 0.311 < 0.35

 3.2 Check for Bearing Pressure
Normal Normal
Condition Condition
vii) Actual base = ( 17094 / 2.1 x = ( 17094 / 2.1 x
pressure 2.1 ) x [ 1 + 6 x 2.1 ) x [ 1 + 6 x
( 0.137 / 2.1 ) ] ( 0.137 / 2.1 ) ]

Max = 5393 Kg./m < = 5393 Kg./m <

10000 Kg./m 10000 Kg./m
Hence Safe Hence Safe
Min
= ( 17094 / 2.1 x = ( 17094 / 2.1 x
2.1 ) x [ 1 - 6 x ( 2.1 ) x [ 1 - 6 x (
0.137 / 2.1 ) ] 0.137 / 2.1 ) ]
= 2359 Kg./m < = 2359 Kg./m <
10000 Kg./m 10000 Kg./m
 4.0 DESIGN OF PAD
Normal Normal
Condition Condition
Maximum base = 5393 Kg./m = 7320 Kg./m
pressure = 52.91 KN/m = 71.81 KN/m

= 2100 - 800 /2 = 2100 - 800 / 2

Maximum overhang = 650 mm = 650 mm
of pad
= 0.3 x 1500 + 800 = 0.3 x 1500 + 2.0 x
Pressure due to over = 2050 Kg./m 800
burden of soil & = 2050 Kg./m
= 20.11 KN/m
pad = 20.11 KN/m
= 52.91 - 20.11
= 71.81 - 20.11
= 32.8 KN/m
Net pressure = 51.7 KN/m
 4.0 DESIGN OF PAD
Normal Normal
Condition Condition
Maximum cantilever = 32.8 x 0.65 2 /2x = 51.7 x 0.65 2 / 2
moment at the 1.0 x 1.0 = 10.92 kNm
face of pedestal = 6.93 kNm

Effective depth of = Sqrt ( 6.93 x 10 6 x = Sqrt ( 10.9 x 10 6 x

pad required 2.0 / ( 0.138 x 25 x 1.5 / ( 0.138 x 25 x
1000 )) 1000 ))
= 63.38 mm = 68.9 mm

Provide overall depth of 300

mm
 4.0 DESIGN OF PAD
Normal Normal
Condition Condition
Effective depth = 300 - 50 - 10 / 2.0 = 300 - 50 - 10 / 2.0
provided = 245 mm > 63.38
mm = 245 mm > 68.9
mm
Mu/bd
= 6.93 x 2 x 10 6 /
( 1000 x 245 2 ) = 10.92 x 1.5 x 10
6 / ( 1000 x 245
= 0.23
2 )
Percentage of
reinforcement = 0.053 (As per = 0.273
required (Pt) Table 3 of SP16)
= 0.077 (As per
Table 3 of SP16)
 4.0 DESIGN OF PAD
Normal Normal
Condition Condition
Ast required = 0.053 / 100 x = 0.077 / 100 x
( 1000 x 245 ) ( 1000 x 245 )
= 130 mm = 189 mm

Minimum Ast = 0.12 / 100 x = 0.12 / 100 x

required ( 1000 x 245 ) ( 1000 x 245 )
= 294 mm = 294 mm

Provide 10 @ 200 mm c/c both ways at bottom. & 10 @ 200

mm c/c both ways at top (Ast provided = 393 mm)
4.1 CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR

Critical section at distance d from the face of column

Shear force at distance d from face of column (Vu) =

58.166KN

Shear Stress (tv) = = 0.24 N/mm2

Percentage of steel = 0.2

Refer Table 19 of IS456

Design shear strength of concrete = 0.29 N/mm 2

Hence safe
4.2 CHECK FOR TWO WAY SHEAR

Critical section at distance d/2 from the face of column

Punching shear (Vu) = 476.53 KN

Shear stress (Tc) = 0.47 N/mm2

Allowable punching stress = 1.25 N/mm2

Hence safe
 5.0 DESIGN OF PEDESTAL
Normal Normal
Downward load due Condition Condition
=1255 Kg. = 1255 Kg.
to equipment

= 1920 Kg. = 1920 Kg.

Self weight of
pedestal
= 3175 Kg. = 3175 Kg.
Total downward load
on pedestal = 444 Kg. = 742 Kg.
'X' direction shear
load = 444 x ( 0.3 + 2.0 ) = 742 x ( 0.3 + 2.0 )
= 1021 Kg.m = 1707 Kg.m
Maximum moment
in 'X' direction
 5.0 DESIGN OF PEDESTAL
Normal Normal
p/fck Condition Condition
= 0.15 / 25
= 0.15 / 25
= 0.006
= 0.006
(Assuming 0.15 %
(Assuming 0.15 %
reinforcement)
reinforcement)

d'/D = 56 / 800
= 56 / 800
= 0.07
= 0.07

Pu/fckbD = 3175 x 10 x 1.5 /

( 25 x 800 x 800 )
= 3175 x 10 x 2.0 /
= 0.003
( 25 x 800 x 800 )
= 0.004
 5.0 DESIGN OF PEDESTAL
Normal Normal
Mu/fckbD Condition Condition
= 1707 x 1.5 x 10 4 /
= 1021 x 2.0 x 10 4 /
( 25 x 800 x 800
( 25 x 800 x 800 2 2 ) = 0.002
) = 0.0016

Since value is neglible provide minimum reinforcement (i.e.) 0.15 %

Ast required = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x

= ( 0.15 / 100 ) x
800 x 800 = 960
mm 800 x 800 = 960
mm
Provide 12 Nos. 12 dia. (Ast provide = 1357 mm)

Spacing of Tie 16 x 12 = 192 mm Provide 8 @ 175 c/c

Foundation Design calculation of
Sub station 400kV Tower
Foundation Details
Breadth of footing (B) = 6.20 m.
Length of foundation (L) = 6.20 m.
Depth of footing bottom from GL = 4.00 m.
Depth of foundation pad (D) = 0.50 m.
Plinth Height above FGL = 0.30 m.
Grade of concrete = 25 N/mm2
Water Table Below = 1.50 m.
Column Details
Spacing between Col. in X Dir. = 4.428 m.
Spacing between Col. in Z Dir. = 4.428 m.
Size of columns (b x d) = 650 mm. x 650
iii) Load Details :
LOAD CASE APPLICABLE 69 Node Points :

NODE NODE NO NODE NO 2 NODE NO 3 NODE NO 4

POINTS 1
VERTICAL 77 KN -164.04 KN -23.3 KN 215.73 KN
LOAD
HORIZONTAL -14.8 KN -21.9 KN -19.5 KN -35.25 KN
LOAD (ALONG
X)

F.O.S. Considered
HORIZONTAL -17.5 KN 1.50
13.62 KN( for-3.4
design
KN of9.24 KN
LOAD (ALONG
Z) footing)
 Soil Details :

Net Safe Bearing Capacity of soil = 200

Unit weight of dry soil : = 18

Unit weight of Submerged soil : = 8

Unit weight of concrete = 25

Unit weight of Submerged
concrete = 15
Calculation of Self weight of Foundation & Overburden
(Dry condition)
Columns 4*(650*650*25*(1.5+0.3)/1000000) = 76 KN
Overburden Soil
(6.2 x 6.2 - 4 x 0.65 x 0.65 x3.5x18 = 992.3 KN
Total Weight = 1068.0 KN

Calculation of Self weight of Foundation & Overburden

Soil (Submerged condition)
Footing Pad 15 * 6.2 * 6.2 * 0.5 = 288.3 KN
Columns 4x((650*650*(4-0.5-1.5)*15/1e6 = 51 KN
Overburden Soil (6.2 x 6.2 - 4 x 0.65 x 0.65 x2x8 = 588.0 KN
Total Weight = 927.0 KN

Over all total weight 927+1068 = 1995.0 KN

CALCULATION OF GROSS LOAD ON
FOUNDATION
Net moment at base,
Mx
((77.38+-164.04-(-23.26+215.73))*(2.214)+(-17.47+13.62+-
3.36+9.24)*(4+0.3)) = 609 KN-m

Mz
((77.38+-164.04-(-23.26+215.73))*(2.214)+(-14.84+-
21.88+-19.46+-35.25)*
(4+0.3)) = 388.0 KN-m

Net Vertical Load from super structure = 77.38 + -164.04

+ -23.26 + 215.73
= 105.8 KN

Total vertical Load = 105.81 + 1995

= 2100.8 KN
Max. Pressure below foundation
2100.81/(6.2*6.2)+(609/(6.2*6.2^2/6))+(388/(6.2*6.2^2/6))

= 79.8 KN/m2 > 200 KN/m2

Min Pressure below foundation Hence safe

2100.81/(6.2*6.2)-(609/(6.2*6.2^2/6))-(388/(6.2*6.2^2/6))
= 29.6 KN/m2

Net Bearing Pressure : = 79.75 - 1995/(6.2 x 6.2)

= 27.90 KN/m2

200 KN/m2 Hence safe

Check for Overturning

90% of Total Vertical Load

2100.81*0.9 = 1891 KN

Overturning Moment MAX(609,388) = 609 KN-m

Restoring Moment = 1890.73 x 6.2/2
= 5861 KN-m
F.O.S. against Overturning = 9.62 > 1.4
Hence safe
Check for Sliding
Total Vertical Load = 2100.8 KN
Net Horizontal Shear in X - Direction
= -14.84 + -21.88 + -19.46 + -35.25
= -91.43 KN
Net Horizontal Shear in z - Direction
= -17.47 + 13.62 + -3.36 + 9.24
= 2.03 KN
Net Shear = sqrt(-91.43^2 + 2.03^2)
= 91.45 KN
Friction co-efficient between soil and concrete, tan
=30 deg
= 2/3 * = 20 deg
Friction co-efficient = 0.36
Resistance offered to sliding 1890.73*0.36 = 681 KN
F.O.S. against Sliding = 680.66/91.45 7.44 > 1.4
Hence safe
Calculation of Bending Moment
on slab
Bending moment at face of column
= 27.9x((6.2-4.428-0.65)/2)^2/2 = 4.4 KN-m/m
= 27.9x((6.2-4.428-0.65)/2)^2/2 = 4.4 KN-m/m

Max. Bending Moment (M) = MAX(4.39,4.39)

= 4.4 KN-m/m
Maximum moment between columns
(27.9*((6.2-4.428)/2)^2/2)-(27.9*4.428^2/8)
= 57.4 KN-m/m
(27.9*((6.2-4.428)/2)^2/2)-(27.9*4.428^2/8)
= 57.4 KN-m/m
Max. Bending Moment (M) = MAX(57.43,57.43) 57.4 KN-m/m
Calculation of Bending Moment on slab

Bending moment at face of column

= 27.9x((6.2-4.428-0.65)/2)^2/2 = 4.4 KN-m/m
= 27.9x((6.2-4.428-0.65)/2)^2/2 = 4.4 KN-m/m

Max. Bending Moment (M) = MAX(4.39,4.39) = 4.4 KN-m/m

Maximum moment between columns
(27.9*((6.2-4.428)/2)^2/2)-(27.9*4.428^2/8) = 57.4 KN-m/m
(27.9*((6.2-4.428)/2)^2/2)-(27.9*4.428^2/8) = 57.4 KN-m/m

Max. Bending Moment (M) = MAX(57.43,57.43) = 57.4 KN-m/m

One way shear check

Clear Cover = 50 mm.

Effective Depth (d) = 0.5*1000-50-8 = 434 mm.
V1 = 27.9x(6.2/2-4.428/2-0.65/2-0.434) = 3.5 KN
V2 = 27.9x(6.2/2-4.428/2-0.65/2-0.434) = 3.5 KN
V3 = 27.9x4.428/2-27.9x(325+434)/1000 = 40.6 KN
V4 = 27.9x4.428/2-27.9x(325+434)/1000 = 40.6 KN Max.

Shear force at distance d (V)

MAX(3.54,3.54,40.59,40.59) = 40.6 KN
Factored moment at between col.s 57.43*1.5 = 86.145 KN-
m/m
Factored moment at face of column 1.5*4.39 = 6.59 KN-m/m
Rebar calculation At center of pad At face of column

Fy = 500 Mpa. = 500 Mpa.

Fck = 25 = 25

Breadth of section =1000 mm =1000 mm

(b)
= (0.5*1000-50-8) = (0.5*1000-50-8)
Effective depth (d) = 442 mm = 442 mm

=86.145*1000000/ =6.59*1000000/
Mu/bd2 (1000*434^2) (1000*434^2)

= 0.46 = 0.03
p(t) = 0.130 % =0.084 %

Min p(t) = 0.12 % =0.12 %

Area of steel required =0.13*1000*434/1

00
=564 mm2/m =521
=0.084*1000*434/
Area of steel provided = 1005 mm2/m 100 @ 200
1005 mm2/m
0.232 %
pt provided = 0.232 %

Shear Stress (tv) = 0.140 Mpa.

= 0.140 Mpa.

Permissible Shear = 0.229 Mpa.

Stress (tc) = 0.140 Mpa.
Check for punching
Max. vertical load
= 215.73 KN

Two way shear stress

=1.5*215.73*1000/((650*2+650*2+434*4)*434)
= 0.172 Mpa.

bc = 650/650 = 1
ks = =MIN((0.5+1),1) 1
tc = =0.25*SQRT(25) 1.250 Mpa.
kstc = =1*1.25
1.250 Mpa. > 0.172
Hence safe
Design of columns

Column on Node COMP. TENSION

Force (P)
= MAX(77.38,- = 215.70 KN = -164.04 KN
164.04,-
23.26,215.73)

Multiplication Factor = 2.00 = 2.00

Bending moment
about X (Mx)
= ABS(9.24)*(4+0.3-
= 35.10 KN-m =66.39 KN-m
0.5)
Bending moment about z
(Mz)
ABS(-35.25)*(4+0.3-0.5) = 134.0 KN-m = 56.39 KN-m

Pu = 215.7*2 = 431.40 KN = -328.08 KN

Mux = 35.1*2 = 70.20 KN-m = 132.78 KN-m
Muy = 134*2 = 268.0 KN-m = 112.78 KN-m
Length of Column
= 4+0.3-0.5 = 3.80 m. = 3.80 m.
Effective Length
= 2*3.8 = 7.60 m. = 7.60 m.
Leff/D =
=7.6*1000/MIN(650,650) = 11.69 = 11.69
Permissible slenderness = 12 = 12

Short Column

Area of Steel (As) = 58.88 sq.cm = 58.88

Percentage of Steel (p) = 1.40 % = 1.40 %

=(58.875*10000/(650*65
0)
d'/D = 0.11 = 0.11

p/fck =1.4/25 = 0.056 = 0.056

 Pu =431.4*1000/ =-328.08*1000/
f ck bD (25*650*650) (25*650*650)
=0.041 =-0.031

Mu (Refer Chart 48) (Refer Chart 83)

= 1.40 % = 1.40 %
f ck bD 2

Mux1 =0.08*25*650*650* =0.07*25*650*650*6

650/(1000000) 50/(10^6)
= 550.00 KN-m = 480.59 KN-m

Muy1 =0.08*25*650*650* =0.07*25*650*650*6

650/(1000000) 50/(10^6)
= 550.00 KN-m = 480.59 KN-m
Puz =(0.45*25*(1- =(0.45*25*(1-
1.4/100)+0.75*500*1.4 1.4/100)+0.75*500*1
)*650*650/(1000) .4)*650*650/(1000)

=226499 KN =226499 KN

Pu/Puz =431.4/226499.08125 =-328.08/226499

= 0.002 = -0.001

an =1 =1

Interaction =(70.2/550)^1+(268/550 =(132.78/480.59)^1+(

Ratio )^1 112.78/480.59)^1
=0.615 =0.511

0.615 < 1
0.511 < 1
Hence safe
Hence safe
Thanking you