BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION[BLD60303]
Project 1: Experiencing Construction
DOCUMENTAION AND ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

LEE HUI QIN 0322991

NG KE NING 0323015
EVELYN LAI KAH YING 0322732
NG ZHENG SI 0322585
NG HONG BIN 0319735
CHONG YU XUAN 0317950
LEE KAI YUNG 0318314
 CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 1-2
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY 3-4
2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY 5-7
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK 8
3.1 SURVEY AND SETTING OUT 8
3.2 SITE CLEARANCE 9
3.3 EARTH WORK 10
3.4 DRAINAGE 11
3.5 TEMPORARY FACILITIES AND SERVICES 12
4.0 FOUNDATION 13
4.1 FOUNDATION DETAILS (ON SITE) 14-16
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 17
5.1 SLAB 17-21
5.2 BEAM AND COLUMN 22-25
5.3 WALL 26-31
5.4 STAIRCASE 32-37
6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS 38
6.1 DOORS 38-40
6.2 WINDOWS 41-43
7.0 ROOFING 44
7.1 TYPE OF ROOF 44-47
8.0 SUMMARY 48
9.0 REFERENCES 49
SITE 1: PRECINCT 11 SETIA ALAM, SELANGOR

1.0 INTRODUCTION
DARUL EHSAN.
Project Title: 68 units three storey terrace house
(20 X 65)

Project Duration: 17 months

Site Possession Date: 03/06/2015

Completion Date: 02/11/2016 (Overall)

02/01/2016 (Mock Up Sample)

Precinct 11, Setia Alam is a quiet serene and low

density neighbourhood. It is located in Setia Alam,

TO SITE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Klang which is 10km to Subang Jaya and 45km to
KLIA. There are recreation park, primary and
secondary schools, shopping malls and many other
facilities nearby. It best-kept secret, offers a serene
sanctuary tucked away in the townships
northernmost point.

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Ground floor First Floor Second Floor Site plan

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SITE 2: FRONTIER INDUSTRIAL PARK, JOHOR.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Built-up area : 7,008 sq.ft.

Type of building: Semi-detached factory

Project duration : 15 months

This industrial factory project is owned by Woon

Brothers. It is located at Desa Cemerlang, Johor
Bahru which is 15km far away from the centre of
the town. It is naturally eco as it transform the
landscape of industrial development.

TO SITE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Site plan Front elevation

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Ground floor First floor Side elevation

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 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
PUBLIC SAFETY AND HEALTH
CONSTRUCTION SIGNBOARD SAFETY SIGNBOARD

The signboard indicates the construction proposal The safety signboard is put at the entrance of the
of the site. construction site to seek people attention before

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

It shows the organisation company detail such as entering the site.
owner, developer company, architect company, To ensure the safety and prevent accidents to
C&S engineer company, M&E engineer company, happen.
surveyor company.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SAFETY SIGNAGE

SAFETY HELMET
SAFETY GLASSES - use to protect head from
- use to protect eye from falling objects.
flying particles.

SAFETY GLOVES
- use to protect hands
from injuries. HIGH VISIBILITY
VEST

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SAFETY BOOTS - make sure the
user is highly visible

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- use to protect feet from
sharp or falling objects. to other personnel.

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PUBLIC SAFETY AND HEALTH
CONCRETE FORMWORK
Formwork and reshores shall be
certified structurally safe by a
Professional Engineer and shall
be properly braced or tied together
so as to maintain position and
shape.
TEMPORARY CANTEEN
Workers get away from a noisy
or polluted workplace helps to
relax and recover from fatigue.
Workers can buy daily life needs
and also food ingredients.
HOARDING
The construction site should be
fully barricaded by protective
hoarding so that public could be
protected from work in progress.
The hoarding also acts as barrier
to prevent people from trespassing
into the construction site.
TEMPORARY TOILET
Helps to protect the health of
the workers.
Provides a changing room for
workers to clean up and change
before heading back home.
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
SCAFFOLDING
All scaffolds require bracing for
structural support and prevent
from collapsing.
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
They should be secured tied and
supported.
WASHING FACILITIES
Washing facilities prevents workers
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from taking home dirt from the site.
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Ensure that every worker is able to
wash their hands before every meal.
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 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY2.1 PLANTS AND
PLANTS AND MACHINERY
TRUCK-MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES WITH PLATFORM TELESCOPIC
HYDRAULIC BOOM SECTIONS PLATFORM
LUFFING ARM
A crane mounted on truck
with a man basket
Worker can travel easily
between floor using this
man basket.
Only suitable for low risk
construction and can use
without any setup or
assembly STABALISING JACKROAD DRIVING
AND CRANE
SLEWING RING OPERATION

MACHINERY
CONTROLS

BACKHOE-LOADER

A tractor with a shovel or BACKHOE

bucket on the front and a TRACTOR
small backhoe on the
back BOOM
LOADER
Very useful in digging STICK
shallow excavation and
trenches
It can act as loader for
loading and carrying BUCKET
materials

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STABILIZER
LEGS

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 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY2.1 PLANTS AND
TRUCK-MOUNTED TELESCOPIC CRANES HOIST BLOCK TELESCOPIC
HYDRAULIC RAM

A full revolving HOIST ROPE

superstructure mounted TELESCOPIC
on a truck. BOOM SECTIONS
Easily transport to a site HYDRAULIC
and use with different LUFFING ARM
type of load and cargo
with little or no setup or
assembly
It is very suitable for the
short term project that
STABALISING JACK THE COUNTERWEIGHTS
required crane utilization

MACHINERY
DROP HAMMER PILE DRIVER
Drive pile into soil to
increase shear strength
of the soil
Versatility in the range of LEADER
piling
PILE
HAMMER
BACK
STAY
CATCH BOOM
WINCH EXCAVATOR

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OR PILING RIG

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PILE CATCH
FRONT JACK

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 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY2.1 PLANTS AND
CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT

A concrete plant, a device that combines various

ingredients to form concrete.
Concrete batching plants are widely used to produce
various kinds of concrete including quaking concrete
and hard concrete, suitable for large or medium
scale building works, road and bridge works and
precast concrete plants, etc.

PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER

MACHINERY
A mini concrete mixer for smaller volume works
Often used at construction site, giving the workers
ample time to use the concrete before it hardens

PORTABLE MINI CRANE

Mini crane used for lifting in unconventional and

difficult situation
Small enough to manoeuvre into a job site and it can
setup in almost any available work space

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It can used indoor and outdoor operations.

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 3.0 EXTERNAL WORK
BOUNDARY SURVEY
The purpose of a boundary survey is to establish the boundary lines of a new parcel of land, or to re-
establish the boundary lines of an existing parcel of land.

SETTING OUT
Setting out is the establishment of mark and line from which the whole of the building can be set
out. The position of the line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any
time. The main aim of setting out is to ensure that the various elements of the scheme are
positioned correctly in all three dimensions.
Telescope at right
PROCESS angle (swivel up
and down within Marked and
1. Boundary lines of 2. range 3 to 100m)
checked the
90
the land owned main lines of the
is established building can be
with known sight set out by
bearing and tripod lines to theodolite and

3.1 SURVEY AND

distance from the correct each corner

SETTING OUT
pre computation posts marked with a
plan. Corner
post
stout peg.
Profile
Main setting out board Profile boards are
lines Setting out
4. h set up to
A check e nc lines
3. Tr determine the
should be i dth
w corners and sides
made of the of buildings. It
setting-out required at all
line for right Nails
trench and wall
angles and positionin
g trench 50 x 50 intersections.
correct
and walls pointed posts

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Base line Diagonal lengths.

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Site driven into
check bounda ground 450 to
ry 600 deep
height above
ground 150 to
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 3.0 EXTERNAL WORK 3.2 SITE CLEARANCELEE
SITE CLEARANCE
Site clearance is the first step in preparation of construction site where it involves clearing vegetation
and removal of soil to reduce levels in the proposed site. This is to ensure that the proposed buildings
will be free from vegetation and the soil is suitable for foundation to improve the stability of proposed
buildings.
CLEARING VEGETATION AND TOPSOIL
REMOVAL
Uprooting whole tree with
machinery
1. 2.
The arm of the A bulldozer is
excavator is then used to
placed against push the
the trunk and branches and
push it aside. stones to the
Then, it use the collecting
edge of bucket point.
to chop the tree
trunk into
smaller pieces.

3. 4.
Reuse the
topsoil
The top 300mm
soil should be Excavateto the
remove as it desired depth
contain plant life andtransport the
and decaying 300mm topsoil to another Topsoil
Surface
vegetation which location for other removed
soil
is easily purpose as it can
compressed and
be reuse.

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unsuitable for
foundations.

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EARTHWORK

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK 3.3 EARTH WORK

Earthwork is a process that include removal, moving and adding of large quantities of soil or rock from
a particular area to another. This is done in order to make an area a suitable height and level for a
specific construction purpose. It can be performed by cutting into or excavating an area of ground or by
constructing a new area.
CUT AND FILL

Marked for original height

level of the land
Marked for original height
level of the land

This is used to Platform lev

el
estimate the total
volume of land been
cut by calculate the
area and height being
reduced.
Cut line is made for
reduced level and
Formation or Original ground also to estimate
reduced level (cut level
how much land
line) need to be fill.
cut

fill Cut
It gives undisturbed
soil over the whole

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of the site.

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Sloping Fill
Site The amount of fill
should not exceed a
depth of 600mm.
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 SUBSOIL DRAINAGE

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK 3.4 DRAINAGE

Subsoil drainage is installed within the ground to remove excessive water from the soil to avoid the
passage of ground moisture to the interior of the building and damage to the fabric of the building.
With the help of subsoil drainage, it helps to improve the stability of the ground, lowering the humidity
of the site and also improving its horticultural properties.
OUTFALL TO STREAM
Cover and
Branch frame
drains A manhole or access chamber is
required to gain access to a
The pipes are
Brick wall drainage system for un-blocking,
arranged in cleaning, rodding or inspection.
grid iron
pattern to
cover as
much to the
site as is
Grid necessary. Pipe channel Brick built
Iron for access to manhole
system

Concrete bank The system is

protection terminated at a
suitable outfall
Metal which is river or
baffle stream.
Precautions
should be taken
Drain to to ensure the

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discharge
system will not

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above water
level work in reverse
which cause
rising tide.

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SITE OFFICE
It is a portable cabin which is a
congregation point between
contractors, architects and
engineers. Visitors need to get
permission for entering from
SIGNAGE
here.
Administration area and
office signs for visitors to
report to and also for security
purpose.
WORKER
ACCOMODATION
Temporary shed and a rest
area for construction workers.
ACCESS AND EXIT
Only one access to the site to
prevent unauthorized access
and to afford satisfactory of
traffic vehicles.
HOARDINGS
It prevent unauthorized access and
shield the construction site from
view to minimize disturbance. The
gaps between each panel is to
withstand wind load.
ELECTRICAL
SUPPLY
Provide power supply to some
machinery or for the daily life
of workers.
3.0 EXTERNAL WORKFACILITIES AND SERVICES
MATERIAL STORAGE
It is an open storage area as
the materials are bulky and
heavy and also able to
resistant to the weather.
SCAFFOLDING
3.5 TEMPORARY
A temporary structure
which provide working
platforms, ladders and
guard rails for the workers.
WATER SUPPLY
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For production of cement or
serve as drinking water for
the workers.
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 4.0 FOUNDATION 4.0 FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located below ground level, which transmits the loads of the
super structure to the supporting soil.

PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION:
To hold together and increase the stability of the structure.
To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area.
To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to prevent unequal settlement.
To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.

Foundations are generally divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation.

DEEP FOUNDATION: used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of
topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings including
impact driven piles, drilled shafts and caissons.

Personnel
Pressurized
Access Tube
Air Supply
Muck Tube Air Lock
Ballast Weights

Water Water
Workspace

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Driven foundation Bored foundation Caisson foundation

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 4.0 FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation is a form of deep foundation and is used when the ground is soft or is a filled ground. Piling is
generally used to transfer load from the unsuitable ground at the surface deep into the ground. Our sites use
prefabricated reinforced concrete pile.

Load Structure Pile foundation is suitable when:

The structure carries

heavy concentrated The soil is very soft
Pile Cap and solid bed is not
loads.
available at a
Lower Density reasonable depth
to keep the bearing
power within safe

DETAILS (ON SITE)

Medium Density

4.1 FOUNDATION
limits.
Higher Density
Piles

COLUMN LOAD
PILE CAP - Transfer load
- Connect to the from
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES cluster of RC piles superstructure to
below to ensure pile cap.
Used when the soil is soft and no hard equal load
strata available to a certain depth. distribution.
PREFABRICATED
Carrying capacity is derived mainly from
FRICTIONAL FORCE REINFORCED
the adhesion or friction of the soil in
- Produced by CONCRETE PILE
contact with the shaft of the pile.
the resistance of - Transfer the

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Transfer their load to the ground through
earth mass to loads towards

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skin friction.
provide lateral the more stable
stability. stratum.

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PROCEDURE OF PILE FOUNDATION
Step 1: Piling
A pile is a column of concrete that
extends downward deep into the
soil. It is a type of deep
foundation.
PROCESS OF PILE FOUNDATION (DETAILS)
1. DRIVE
Starter or drive pile until maximum
at pile point.
5. CUT
Cut off the excessive extension
pile using a pile cutting machine.
Step 2: Pile Cap
A pile cap is defined as a
concrete block cast on the head
of a group of piles. Pile cap
transfers the load from the
structures to a pile group and the
load further transfers to firm soil.
2. WELD
The plate join of adjacent pile
for extension.
6. EXCAVATE
Surrounding soil of the pile
cluster by approximately
300mm depth.
Step 3: Footing
A base that supports the
structure. Footing is the wider
part of concrete that goes under
concrete wall and is used to
keep the wall from sagging.
3. APPLY
Bitumen at joint as water proofing
coating to prevent rust.
7. CAST
The pile cap in situ.
4.0 FOUNDATION
Step 4: Ground Beam
Ground beams are designed to
support brickwork or to form a
permanent shutter to the edge of
in-situ concrete floor slab. The
beams can be designed to
withstand any heave forces with
the use of void forming or
DETAILS (ON SITE)
4.1 FOUNDATION
compressible materials.
4. DRIVE
The extension pile into the ground
until maximum.
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8. LOAD TEST
Carried out by putting loads on
the pile for certain period. It is a
pass If the pile does not crack.
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 4.0 FOUNDATION
PILE CAP
Concrete block cast on the head of a group of piles.
Ground stability increases with depth & pressure.
The top of pile is more vulnerable to movement &
stress. Maximum
Tie the pile heads together. load 250 kN
Column
FUNCTIONS Pile Cap
Pile length
various from 6-
To distribute a single load equally over the pile group
15cm 15cm 30m depend on
& over a greater area of bearing potential.
ground
To stabilize individual pile thus increasing overall
condition.
stability of the group.
To provide necessary combined resistance to stress

DETAILS (ON SITE)

4.1 FOUNDATION
set up by the superstructure. Piles

MACHINERY USED:
TYPE OF ARRANGEMENTS OF PILES DROP HAMMER PILE DRIVER

LEADER: Provide
vertical attachment BACKSTAY:
support for pile Transfer the
hammer. counterweight
DIESEL PILE HAMMER: tension from the
3 pile cap 4 pile cap
Create the magnitude of leader towards
force to drive the pile by the ground to
inducing downward stabalise the
momentum in the metal driver.

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ram. CRANE: Lift and
HELMET: Distribute the

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hoist the pile.
force from the hammer
6 pile cap to the pile evenly and
prevent damage

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 SLAB
SLAB
Simply supported slab
These are slabs which rest in a bearing and for design
purposes are not considered to be fixed to the support
and are therefore, in theory , free to lift.In practice
however they are restrained from unacceptable lifting
by their own self weight plus any loadings.

Concrete slabs
Concrete is a material which is strong in compression
and weak in tension and if member is overloaded its
tensile resistance may be exceeded leading to structure
failure.
Types of slab
Suspended slab
One way slab
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not
Length is two more times the width. in direct contact with the ground. They
Slab supported on two sides and form roofs or floors above ground level
bending takes place predominantly
in one direction
Two way slab

Length is less than double

the width (approximately
square). Slab is supported on

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all four sides and bending
take place in two directions.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CONCRETE
SLAB
1.Preparing site
Unless the site is flat and
sandy it may be necessary
to excavate.
4.Vapour Barrier
Incorporate a damp-proof
membrane (DPM) under the
concrete slab.
2. Soil Support System
A thin layer of graded, granular,
compactible material is normally
used as fine grading material to
minimize friction between the
base material and the slab.
5. Reinforcing
Install the welded steel
reinforcement mesh and
rebar. (two layers of BRC A8).
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 SLAB
3. Building Formwork
Defining the boundaries of the
concrete slab with wooden
stakes.
6. Mixing Concrete
Distributes the aggregate
evenly throughout the
cement paste, ensures that
all of the cement has been
fully saturated in water, and
removes large air voids.
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7. Placing Concrete
Placed concrete into the
formwork that defines its final
position and shape.
9.Finishing
Final treatment of the concrete surface
after it has been consolidated to achieve
the desired properties. This can be as
simple as pushing a wide blade over the
fresh concrete surface to make it flat
screeding.
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 SLAB
8.Consolidation
Once the concrete is in place, it should be
consolidated to remove large air voids
developed during placement and to make
sure that the concrete has flowed into all of
the corners and nooks of the formwork. This
process is also called compacting.
10.Curing
As the concrete hardens and gains strength
it becomes less and less vulnerable, so the
critical time period is the first hours and
days after it is placed.
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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 SLAB
REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE
SLAB
Steel Reinforcing Bars and Welded Wire Reinforcement
Concrete is very strong when it is squeezed in compression but very
weak when it is being pulled apart in tension. Steel reinforcing bars
and welded wire reinforcement are very strong in tension, have
similar thermal expansion and contraction properties to those of the
concrete, and thus can handle high-tension stresses while the
concrete can take substantial compressive stresses.

Starter bar
Starter bars are usually used to tie reinforced masonry or concrete walls to slabs or
footings

Starter bars in beam before the installation of slab Starter bars are bent

STRUCTURE OF SLAB
Slab 2 layers of BRC

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Damp proof membrane
Bent starter bar

Beam
Compressed hardcore

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 SLAB
SUSPENDED SLAB
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors
above ground level
CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF SUSPENDED SLAB
1.Preparation of timber formwork.

2. Completion of steel 3. Finished slab.

bars and erection of
formwork to the
required size. Concrete
is poured and left to
cure.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM FORMWOK DESIGN
TO COLUMN CONNECTION

Formwork construction for Formwork construction for

concrete column concrete beam

Concrete fromwork purpose is to place and form

concrete mixture according to prescribed size

COLUMN
5.2 BEAM AND
and design.
It is a temporary building structure which needs
to be opened when the concrete inside hardens.
Reinforcement steel bar Cement
concrete

Beams are set on beaming

pads on the column corbels.
Steel angles are welded to
metal plates cast into the
beams and columns and the
joint is grouted solid.
Diagonal cracking & crushing

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of concrete can be prevented Columns in timer formwork,
in joints. waiting to dry.
Mostly, for this large column
size is the most effective.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
Beam and column are elements that make up a buildings structure.

Beam Column

Beam is horizontal load bearing Column is vertical load bearing

member which is used to member which transfer loads from
withstand load. It does so by beams to the foundation.
allowing the structure to Reinforcement are applied to
maintain its shape and not bend. strengthen their compressive force.
It is commonly reinforced with
rebar.
For our particular site, the beams and column are made of concrete. There are two different
type of concrete beams and columns, pre cast and in-situ. Pre cast being beams and columns
that are pre-casted off site and brought on site to be assembled on to the structure and in-situ
being casted on site using formwork which was that was used in our site.

COLUMN
5.2 BEAM AND
Our site uses cast on site reinforced concrete. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in
tensile forces. Therefore steel reinforcement bar(rebar) are applied. Into concrete beam, slab
and column to increase their
Column tensile strength and resist
Beam compression,
Scaffolding
Hold uptension,
the shear and
bending. formwork and
concrete so that it Timber formwork
maintains its
shape.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
PROCESS CONSTRACTING BEAM AND COLUMN
Material: Reinforced Concrete, timber & steel

1. Setting up of 2. Cladding of formwork 3. Cement is being

reinforcement bars. using plywood. poured into the
The thickness of bars formwork. A concrete
and the number of vibrator is then used to
bars used depends release trapped air and

COLUMN
5.2 BEAM AND
on the load it has to excess water.
bear.

4. When the 5. 6. Cement is poured 7. The formwork is removed

concrete of the Reinforcement into the formwork. A after the concrete dried.
columns have bars for beams concrete vibrator is Columns and beams are
dried up after 28 are set up. then use to ensure formed. Excess rebar on top
days, cladding of

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that the concrete of column is for continuation

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formwork for settle firmly in place. of rebar for next floor.
beams can be
done.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
Length of overlapping
reinforcement bar is 24 times of
the diameter of bar.

Dowels tie column to support

beam or slab.

Vertical reinforcement should not

be less than 1% nor more than 8%
of the cross sectinal concrete beam.
Types of reinforcement steel
includes T12, T14, T16, T20, T25,
T32 and T40.
T represents reinforcement steel
and the numbers indicates the
Lateral Reinforcement
diameter.
The timber is for plywood
formwork, the oil beside it is
used to paint on it so that the
concrete will have shinny
surface. Timber
formwork

COLUMN
5.2 BEAM AND
Number of reinforcement bar
used in columns may be varied
instead of varying the size of
columns.
Formations of lateral
reinforcement bars depends on the
number of vertical reinforcement Scaffolding
bars used in a column.
Lateral ties should have a
minimum diameter of 10 meter.
Type of reinforcement used is
usually T12, reinforcement steel
with
Concrete
diameter
columns
of 12mm.
mat be
supported by isolated footings or

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.3 WALL
WALL SYSTEM
A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height, built to provide
shelter or compartments.
TYPES OF WALL

Clay brick masonry wall Concrete load- bearing wall

MASONRY WALL MORTA

Masonryis the building of structures from
individual units laid in and bound together
bymortar.
Mortaris a workable paste used to bind building blocks
R
such asstones,bricks, andconcrete masonry
unitstogether, fill and seal the irregular gaps between
them.

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5m
5 mm m
22

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75m
m

Standard brick size

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.3 WALL
METHOD OF MASONRY WALL
CONSTRUCTION
1. 2. 3. Corner lead
4.

Footing
End lead

Lay the bricks starting

Preparing mortar from the corner using Corner and end lead of Fill in the lead.
mortar. Use a level to masonry wall.
check the course for
correct height.

INSTALLATION OF DAMP-PROOF COURSE (DPC) INSTALLATION OF DOWEL BAR

A damp proof course (DPC) is a physical barrier Dowel bars are short steel bars that
inserted into the fabric of a building to stop water provide a mechanical connection between
passing from one place to another. two surfaces without restricting horizontal
joint movement.

Damp-
proof
course(D
PC) Damp-proof
course(DPC) Damp-
proof
course(D
Damp proof PC)

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course is laid 150mm
between an even, A horizontal DPC is Dowel bars connect the brick wall
fresh bed of usually placed with the column. It helps to
mortar in 150mm above strengthen the brick wall by
continuous ground level pulling the force towards column.
lengths for the full
width of the wall
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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.3 WALL
STIFFENER
The purpose of using stiffener is to improve the strength of the brick wall and help to withstand the wind load.

1. 2.

Stiffener is built in the gap in Concrete is poured and left

between brick walls. Steel bars to cure.
are arranged in formwork. The thickness of the
stiffener is same as the size
of brick.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.3 WALL
LOAD BEARING WALL
Aload-bearing wallorbearing wallis awallthat bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to
afoundationstructure. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings
areconcrete, block, orbrick.

Concrete load
bearing wall
Wall Forms

Spreaders
Usually made of wood,
space and keep the wall or
forms apart.
Plywood Sheathing

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Inner surface of panels leaves an
impression on the concrete, thus are
coated with parting compound oil,
wax, or plastic.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.3 WALL
CAST IN-SITU SHEAR WALL

1. 2. 3. 4.

Preparation of timber formwork Completion of Closing of Completed RC shear wall

steel bars and formwork, concrete
erection of is poured and left to
formwork to the cure
required size

Installation
of RC shear
wall
formwork

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Completed RC shear wall

formwork

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.3 WALL
PLASTERING
Plastering is to coat a layer of plaster on the wall . The purposes
of plastering are to give resistance to the wall, increase fire
resistance of the building elements, and to give a good
appearance to the wall. Cement plaster is usually coated on
masonry wall.

METHOD OF PLASTERING
1. Preparation 2. Undercoating 3. Finishing

Chases cut before Trims and

Thin coats of decorative finishes
plastering undercoat plaster applied after
applied and built up plaster has set and
Surface well to required thickness cured
brushed Finishing
with hard Wall Fine wooden coat of
broom to surfac scratcher plaster
remove e to be used to form applied
loose dry key for with steel
material and finishing trowel to
dust coat give a
Any metal Fixing Floated undercoat smooth Textured
fixings to plug brought to a true finish surfaces can be
be painted inserted and level surface obtained by
or before with a rule or using different
galvanize plaster is straightedge tools
d to applied
prevent
staining
SKIM COATING

Skim coating is a name for a plastering technique. The widely

used mixture is made up of lime putty and sugar sand. Skimming

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is a thin coat of plastering layer applied to the existing plaster to
upgrade the surface. The thickness of skimming depends on
clients request.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.4 STAIRCASE
STAIRCASE
A staircase is a construction designed to link a large
vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical
distance which is called steps.It allows easy movement
between different levels.

Aspect that should be considered when designing a

staircase is the placement of stairs, ease of travel and
most importantly the safety.The design of a staircase
should take proper consideration of the width, treads,
riser, nosing, landings, handrails which are the
requirement of a staircase.

TYPES OF STAIRCASE USED ON SITE

1.U shaped stairs with winder treads
"Winder" stairs refer to stairways that make
a turn
without including an intermediate landing or
platform
to provide a flat rectangular turning space.
2.Double Quarter Landing Stairs
Represent a variety of straight stairs, which also
include a landing. But here the landing is needed
to change a direction of the flight by 90 degrees
and at the same time it serves as a place for
rest when moving.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.4 STAIRCASE
Material
Reinforced Concrete
Staircase
Concrete staircase are
usually specified for its
durability, long lasting,
high strength, fire and
weather resistance.

Reinforced concrete stairs

are designed as slabs and
requires structural analysis
A staircase consists of riser, going(run), stair
of load, support and span
waist, handrail, balustrade, newel other
conditions.
components according to the types.

Details of Reinforced Concrete

Staircase
External
wall

Half landing area

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Main bars
Distribution bars
Main
Tensionbars
Starter
lap bars

Rebar(Reinforcing
bar)

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.4 STAIRCASE
Starter bars in
staircase
In order to achieve a connection with the subjacent
floor there must be properly placed starter bars.
Moreover, starter bars must be positioned and at the
superjacent floor for the staircase of the next level.

2.Staircase formwork and reinforcement at the

1.Placement of starter
starter bars
bar During the final phase of the positioning
Before the positioning of the staircases of the staircases reinforcement, the
formwork (planking), the starter bars are lower rebars (in red color) are tied to the
properly bent at the necessary height. distribution bars to their proper position.
The stringers and the risers are placed
last

3.Starter bars at the top of 4. Staircase construction in following phase

staircase
the lower rebars of the staircase are not
The staircase will be supported on
continued into the staircase slab and
those starter bars and the starter bars
therefore, they are not presented.

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of the lower floor.

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.4 STAIRCASE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STAIRCASE
Step 1: Measuring Step 2: Determine the dimension of
Calculate the height of one floor to the foundation
The dimension of foundation will be
other (total rise). Measure the the length of total run by the width of
horizontal distance of the staircase the staircase measured in step 1.
(total run). Measure the width of each
step from left to right in the area where
the staircase will go (staircase width).

Total
rise
ris
run e

Total run Width of

Total staircase
run

Step 3: Building and Assembling

Formwork
The form can be made by plywood or
framing lumber. The first step is to
cut the side forms according to the
tread and riser calculations. They

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must be securely adhered to the
building's foundation. Depending on
the width of the stairs, you might
have to add bracing to the center of
each riser

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 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.4 STAIRCASE
Step 4: Reinforcing Step 5: Preparing Concrete
Reinforcing the concrete Produce sufficient and well
staircase with steel. mixed mortar with portable
cement mixer.

Step 6: Pouring Concrete Step 7: Add

Finishing
Start from the bottom and pour one step Repeat the trowelling process
at a time. Make sure the mortars are several times for each step to
spread evenly. Grease the inner surface smooth the steps.
area of your to release the panels easier
after the cement set.

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Step 8: Curing
Spray the steps with curing compound
and cover it with burlap. Once the
concrete has hardened for a week,
removed the form lumber.
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.4 STAIRCASE
Step 9: Installing the handrails
i) Position the stair railing onto the
staircase where it will be installed
ii) Mark the position
iii) Drill pilot holes into the staircase
at the marks you made
iv) Place the railing into the pilot
holes
v) Pour cement into the hole to fix
the handrail
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 .0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.1
TYPE OF DOORS

SLIDING DOOR

Sliding doors make

excellent use of space,
HEAD
and allow significantly
larger entryways than
conventional hinged
SILL
doors. 'Pocketed' sliding
doors even allow you to Style O-X-X
conceal doors inside wall Triple track. The right hand
door is fitted to the inside
cavities.
of the track and slides to
the left with the middle METAL SLIDING
door. The far left door DOOR IN BRICK
remains fixed. VENEER WALL

HINGED DOOR

DOORS
the basic hinged door is
almost certainly the type
that comes to mind. Find
out how they work, what
options are available and
where they are and
aren't suitable.

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 .0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.1
DOOR METAL FRAME AND CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

RABB
BACKBENDS

JAMB DEPTH
ET

SOFFIT
OPENING
THROAT

RABBET HEAD JAMB

CORNER
CONNECTION
SIDE JAMB
FACE

DOOR OPENING
HEIGHT DOOR STOP
WALL WIDTH

WIRE MASONARY

DOORS
ANCHORS
DOOR OPENING
WIDTH

METAL FRAME

MASONRY MASONRY
WALL ANCHORS METAL DOOR FRAME ELEMENTS:
DOOR FRAME
HEAD AD SIDE JAMP WITH STOPS SILL ANCHORS
CASING OR TRIM

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LEE KAI
DOOR HARDWARE HINGEDS AND LOCKSET

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 .0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.1
METAL FRAME INSTALLATION

1. 2. 3.

Identify Use planks and nails to prop up Use spirit leveller to

brickwork metal door frame. Ensure the check whether the
location and door correct direction of the door frame is properly
position hinge then erect the door plumbed.
frame.

DOORS
4. 5. 6.

Begin brickwork by Place mortar into each gap between Wire masonry
laying the bring into the brick and frame of each layer. anchors are used to
the rebate behind the This is to ensure the frame is ties with the brick

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back or the metal door properly filled to give rigidity and and the metal door
frame. strength by becoming an integral frame. These tie are
part of the structure. for binding the
bricks.

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 .0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.2
TYPE OF WINDOWS
Casement Window
Casement windows are hinged on the side and
open outward to the left or right. Usually taller than
wide, their entire sash opens to provide top-to-
bottom ventilation.

Awning Window

WINDOWS
Awning windows are hinged at the top and open
outward. Usually wider than they are tall, their
entire sash opens to provide full side-to-side
ventilation.

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 .0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.2
METAL WINDOW FRAME DETAILS

WINDOW ELEMENT (CASEMENT WINDOW)

HEAD

SILICON SEAL

CASING WINDOW SASH

LOCK JAMB Elevation of casement window

WINDOWS
HINGE HINGE TRACK
HINGE ARM
SILL JAMB

The windows element contain main 3 part, which RETAINER CLIP

is glazing, sash, and the frame.

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Glazing: Clear glass of a window Elevation of awning window.

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Sash: The part that holding glazing
Frame: The fixed part of assembly the receives
sash.

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 .0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.2
INSTALLATION OF ALUMINIUM WINDOW FRAME

1. Aluminium Plate 2.

Position the sub- Check the

frame using the alignment of the
aluminium plate sub-frame

3. 4. Anchor Head 5.

WINDOWS
Millet

Joints with wall

Anchor the sub-frame Seal the anchor head Placing main frame on
into the rough and the joints with the the sub-frame. Use millet
opening using nail wall with protection tape to knock the finishing
on the frame frame.

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ROOF

7.0 ROOFING
Part of a building envelope that covers the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provide protection from
weather and animals.

SLED ROOF
Also known as the monopitched roof, is a roof structure that has one sloping surface
and the sloped surface does not rest on any form of wall on the opposite ends.
Monopitched roof encourages good drainage during rainy weather as well as aiding in
reflecting heat away from the building if oriented appropriately. It is one of the easiest
roof structures to build and requires less cost.
Our site consist of 2 types of sled roof:
Metal roof
Clay tiled roof Scaffolding font size: 14

7.1 TYPE OF ROOF

METAL ROOF CLAY TILED
ROOF

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADAVANTAGES
Advantages of METAL ROOF
Proven performance expectation of 50+
years.
Beautiful styles to match any home or than 100 years.
neighborhood.
Interlocking panels for maximum wind
resistance.
Fire resistance.
Energy efficiency by keeping homes
cooler.
Low weight to help preserve structural
integrity and life.
Disadvantages of METAL
ROOF
Noisy during rain or hail.
High cost.
7.0 ROOFING
Advantages CLAY TILED
ROOF
Durable and long lasting able to last for more
available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and
colors, unlike regular shingles.
has reflective properties, which help to
increase the efficiency of heating and
7.1 TYPE OF ROOF
cooling systems.
not susceptible to mold or rot, can withstand
hurricane-force winds.
does not shrink and expand with the
temperature like wood.
Disadvantages CLAY TILED
ROOF
Weight of the individual tiles.
Needs strong support beams to
support the weight.
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High cost.
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF METAL ROOF

7.0 ROOFING
1.The rafters are installed following the direction of
the roof slope. Each rafters are 12 to 24 inches
apart. The rafters act as the spine for the roof.

Rafters
Purlin

Tie rod

2.Then the purlin is installed with a string like tool

called tie rod, which is used to hold the purlin in

7.1 TYPE OF ROOF

position so that the distance between each purlin
will be the same.

3. After purlin and rafter, A layer of reflective foil

laminate is put into place. It helps cooling and
prevents condensation. Which can cause roofing
sheets to rust prematurely.

Reflective foil laminate

4. Next will be putting on the metal roofing sheets
The metal roofing sheets are light, and are usually
passed up to the roof by hand, one by one.
Theyre laid in place, and are carefully marked and
cut for hips and valleys. Metal sheets is then

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drilled and screwed down.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CLAY TILED ROOF

7.0 ROOFING
1. The construction of tiled roof begins Battens
with installation of the guttering and fascia boards.

Fascia board
Reflective foil

2. Measurements are made

and set-out nails are
hammered in place along 5.Tiles are then laid out
the rafters to hold the across the roof and

7.1 TYPE OF ROOF

battens, which are timber clipped on. Tiles at the
pieces that run horizontally edges are cut to make
across the surface of the even lines along the hips
roof to keep everything in and valleys of the roof.
place.

Rafters

3. A layer of sarking (commonly a reflective foil 4. Next, anti-ponding board (APB) is installed
laminate, or RFL) is then laid down over these set- underneath the sarking at the edges of the roof.
out nails, with the reflective side facing The purpose of the anti-ponding board is to

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downwards. prevent water from pooling underneath the tiles

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at the outer edge of the roof.

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 8.0 SUMMARY
SUMMARY

In this project, we learn about the construction process which is the part where ideas become reality. The
underappreciated middle part of architecture. We studied the building process through observation, self-
experience and also research. From site & safety, plant and machineries, external works, foundation,
superstructure, doors, windows to roofs. Each part of the process shows utmost importance in producing the final
outcome, the piece of architecture that the people can enjoy.

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 9.0 REFERENCES
BOOKS
Barry, R. (1996). The construction of buildings. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Charlett, A. J. (2007). Fundamental building technology. London: Taylor & Francis.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2000). Construction technology (3. ed., reprint). Harlow: Longman.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2001). Building construction handbook. Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Levy, S. M. (2010). Construction databook: construction materials and equipment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mehta, M. (1997). The principles of building construction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

WEBSITE
Building concrete stairs(2012)Retrieved from October 12,2015,from
http://www.idscontractors.com/articles/building-concrete-stairs/

Building construction 8. formworks and scaffoldings(2012)Retrieved from October 12,2015,from

http://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/building-construction-8-formworks-and-scaffoldings

Rcc slab casting-work procedure(2014).Retrieved October 19,from http://theconstructor.org/concrete/rcc-slab-

casting-work-procedure/1656/

PARTS OF PELLA DOOR. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pella.com/support-center/glossary/door-

anatomy/default.aspx

Health and Safety Executive. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/

How steel / Colorbond / Zincalume roofs are installed. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/how-steel-
colorbond-zincalume-roofs-are-installed
How tile roofs are installed. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/how-tile-roofs-are-installed

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