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Radiographic anatomy
Film Critique
Positioning of:
Exposure Factors
AP cone down bladder
Oblique cone down bladder
Lateral cone down bladder Radiographic
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
female Pathology
male
Injection urethrogram
Retrograde pyelogram What in the World?
Miscellaneous, but significant,
odds and ends
Cystography
Cystograms are obtained in two basic ways.
AP position
1. Supine
2. 100-150 caudad angle
3. CR 2 superior to pubic
symphysis, midline
Critique criteria for AP bladder
Oblique positions
1. RPO & LPO: 450-600
2. CR perpendicular
3. CR 2 superior to pubic
symphysis, and 2 medial
to the ASIS of the side up
Routine oblique bladder positioning Characteristics of the oblique
pelvis (1-3).
Lateral position
1. True lateral position
2. CR perpendicular
3. CR 2 superior and 2
posterior to pubic
symphysis.
Critique criteria for lateral bladder
The lateral demonstrates the anterior
and posterior walls of the bladder, and
parts of the superior and inferior aspects
not as well seen on the frontal views.
All of the bladder is included.
kVp will be above the optimal range,
and may need to be 90 or more in larger
patients. Quality will be compromised.
Increased scatter also lessens the value
of this view, and the gonadal dose is
higher.
For these reasons the lateral is
most often done on special request.
Voiding Cystourethrograms (VCUG)
female & male
The bladder is filled retrograde via a urinary catheter (Foley). After filling
the bladder the retention balloon is deflated, and the catheter is removed.
The patient is instructed to begin urination into a radiolucent receptacle or
absorbent padding (chux) while filming.
Deflation
Foley urinary catheter. Retention balloon is
port
inflated with sterile water or NS.
Female Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
AP position
All of the bladder is included.
The entire urethra is seen 1. Supine
during micturition (micturate) 2. CR perpendicular
3. CR to pubic symphysis
Male Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
RPO
1. 300 RPO
All of the bladder is included. 2. CR perpendicular
The entire urethra is seen 3. CR to pubic symphysis
during micturition (micturate)
4. Superimpose urethra on
thigh to act as filter
Injection (retrograde) Urethrogram
male only
Injection urethrography is done when an obstruction hinders the
insertion of a catheter, or trauma prevents urination.
Brodney
Clamp,
(or catheter)
Extravasation of
contrast from
ruptured bladder.
Ureteral catheters are advanced through the cystoscope, and the ureteral
orifice is catheterized unilaterally, or bilaterally, as indicated.
In the stirrups
Retrograde Pyelography: the filming sequence
ureteral
catheter
Scout
0900 #1 #2
0907 0912
cystoscope
3 to 5 cc of contrast is
A scout film is taken to injected by the urologist. The urologist withdraws
check the technique, A film demonstrating the the catheters and film
position, and placement renal pelvis and calyces of the contrast filled
of the ureteral catheters. is taken ureters it taken.
These three films are a typical routine, though more may be taken at the urologists
discretion. All films must be marked by the technologist: order and time.
Exposure Factors
Prior to the 20th century, bladder stones were a common malady that
were so painful, due to obstructions, people subjected themselves to
a procedure called cutting for stones, that was performed without
anesthesia, antibiotics, or aseptic techniques.
Cystocele
Lithotripsy is an alternative to
surgery that pulverizes stones
by using shock waves.
A catheter is inserted
into the collecting system
for access to the kidney.
This procedure is
called a nephrostomy.