LTE Technical Overview Training

LTE TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
In Compliance with ISO 9001 | Cost effective | Quality | Training | IT Infrastructure Services
LTE Targets Main
Goals
Significantly increased peak data rates

Increased cell edge bit rates
Improved spectrum efficiency
Improved latency
Scalable bandwidth
Reduced CAPEX and OPEX
Acceptable system and terminal complexity, cost and power consumption
Compatibility with earlier releases and with other systems
Optimized for low mobile speed but supporting high mobile speed
LTE Migration Paths
UMTS HSPA + HSPA +

HSDPA HSUPA
(WCDMA)
Rel 5 Rel 6
Rel 7 Rel 8 LTE
R99 Phase1 Phase2
326 Mbps DL
86 Mbps UL
173 Mbps DL
58 Mbps UL
42.2 Mbps DL
11.5 Mbps UL
28.8 Mbps DL
14.4Mbps DL
14.4Mbps DL
5.76 Mbps UL
384 kbps UL
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
LTE Migration Paths
WCDMA
HSPA + HSPA +
GSM UMTS (WCDMA) HSDPA HSUPA
GPRS
EDGE
R99 Rel 5 Rel 6
Rel 7 Rel 8 LTE
Phase1 Phase2
CDMA
CDMA200 CDMA2000 EV-DO EV-DO

1X 1xEV-DO Rev-A Rev-B LTE
Spectrum
Efficiency
Significantly improved spectrum efficiency and cell edge bitrate

whilst maintaining same site locations
Downlink target (bits/sec/Hz/site):

3-4 times that of Release 6 HSDPA
Uplink target (bits/sec/Hz/site):

3- 4 times that of Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
LTE FDD Frequency Bands &
Channels
E-UTRAN Downlin Channel Uplink (DL) Channel
Band k (DL) Number UE Transmit, Numbers
(UE s eNB Receive) (NUL )
Receive, (NDL )
eNB
Transmit
)
fDL Low fDL High fDL Low fDL High (MHz)
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
1 2110 2170 0599 1920 1980 1300013599
2 1930 1990 6001199 1850 1910 1360014199
3 1805 1880 12001949 1710 1785 1420014949
4 2110 2155 19502399 1710 1755 1495015399
5 869 894 24002649 824 849 1540015649
6 875 885 26502749 830 840 1565015749
7 2620 2690 27503449 2500 2570 1575016449
8 925 960 34503799 880 915 1645016799
9 1844.9 1879.9 38004149 1749.9 1784.9 1680017149
10 2110 2170 41504749 1710 1770 1715017749
11 1475.9 1500.9 47504999 1427.9 1452.9 1775017999
12 728 746 50005179 698 716 1800018179
13 746 756 51805279 777 787 1818018279
14 758 768 52805379 788 798 1828018379
EARFCN -
Calculations
THE FORMULAS :-----------------
FDL = FDL_LOW + 0.1(NDL - NDL_OFFSET)
FUL = FUL_LOW + 0.1(NUL - NUL_OFFSET)
Extract Exl file for more details
Micros oft Excel

Works heet
LTE TDD Frequency Bands &
Channels
E- Downli Channe Uplink (UL) Channe
UTRAN nk l UE Transmit, l
Band (DL) Number eNB Receive) Numbe
(UE s rs
Receiv (NDL ) (NUL )
e, eNB
Trans
mit)
fDL Low fDL High fUL Low fUL High (MHz)
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
33 1900 1920 2600026199 1900 1920 2600026199
34 2010 2025 2620026349 2010 2025 2620026349
35 1850 1910 2635026949 1850 1910 2635026949
36 1930 1990 2695027549 1930 1990 2695027549
37 1910 1930 2755027749 1910 1930 2755027749
38 2570 2620 2775028249 2570 2620 2775028249
39 1880 1920 2825028649 1880 1920 2825028649
40 2300 2400 2865029649 2300 2400 2865029649
LTE Air
Interface LTE - FDD/TDD
FDD TDD
F -DL
F -UL
There are two types of LTE frame structure:
Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems.

Type 2: used for the LTE TDD systems.
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) spectrum.
FDD & TDD supports bandwidths from 1.4 Mhz to 20Mhz
LTE Air
Interface LTE - FDD/TDD
FDD TDD
F -DL
F -UL
There are two types of LTE frame structure:
Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems.

Type 2: used for the LTE TDD systems.
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) spectrum.
FDD & TDD supports bandwidths from 1.4 Mhz to 20Mhz
LTE Air Interface
Overview
The LTE air interface uses
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the downlink
and
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink.
It supports both
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
FDD requires paired frequencies, one for downlink and one for uplink,
and
Time Division Duplex (TDD) air interface schemes.
while TDD shares the same frequency for downlink and uplink.
OFDMA
QPSK example using M=4 subcarriers
The following graphs

show how a sequence
of eight QPSK
symbols is
represented in
frequency and time
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period
OFDM
A
OFDMA extends the OFDM transmission scheme by allowing multiple users.
It allows for simultaneous frequency-separated transmissions to / from multiple
mobile terminals.
In OFDM the user data is transmitted in parallel across multiple orthogonal
narrowband subcarriers.
OFDMA is a digital encoding and modulation technique.
Information is transported over an OFDMA channel via a sequence of symbols
over a set of subcarriers.
The channel bandwidth is divided into equally-spaced subcarriers.
The equal spacing of orthogonal subcarriers is designed to minimize interference
between adjacent subcarriers.
OFDM
A
The orthogonal subcarriers are generated with Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing.
The number of subcarriers depends on the available bandwidth
Channel Bandwidths
(Bandwidth/subcarriers)
Number of subcarriers for the different bandwidths
The spacing between subcarriers is fixed in LTE and equivalent to 15 kHz in the
frequency domain.
OFDM
A
At this time 1st sub carrier is in peak
But the 2nd sub carrier is in null level and so on with the other too
OFDM
A
Time and Frequency Domain representation of an OFDM subcarrier
Time Domain Frequency Domain
A rectangular pulse in time domain corresponds to a sinc-square-shaped spectrum

in the frequency domain.
Cyclic Prefix Principle
Ts : Total Symbol Period
Cyclic
Prefix
Data Payload
Tu : Total useful Time

Tg
Tg
Guard Time
Cyclic prefixes are way of fighting the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) that may occur
in multipath environments where transmitted signals arrive at the receiver with
different delays.
CP consists of a copy of the last part of a symbol shape for the duration of a guard
time and adding it to the beginning of the symbol.
This guard time needs to be long enough to capture all the delayed multipath signals
and avoid ISI at the receiver
CP is used by the receiver to detect the start of symbol due to the high correlation
between the CP and the last part of the symbol that precedes.
After this, the receiver can start with the decoding.
Cyclic Prefix Principle
There are two cyclic prefix options for the LTE:

Normal cyclic prefix: For use in small cells or cells with short multipath delay
spread.
Its length depends on the symbol position within the slot and is 5.21 sec for the CP in
symbol 0, and 4.6 sec for the rest of symbols.
The reason for these two different lengths is that the slot duration is 0.5ms, which makes it
easier for the terminal to find the starting point of the slot.
Extended cyclic prefix: For use in large cells or those with long delay profiles.
Its length is 16.67s. It is constant for all symbols in the slot.
OFDM/OFDMA
Advantages
OFDM/OFDMA has several advantages over other transmission schemes:

High spectral efficiency: Due to the orthogonality between subcarriers, it is
possible to pack them closely together (15kHz subcarrier spacing).
Little interference between subcarriers Due to the IFFT/FFT processing
(Interference can be introduced by frequency offsets generated by either
Doppler or Local Oscillator frequency
inaccuracies).
Robustness in multi-path environments due to the cyclic prefix.
Straightforward support of the operation in different spectrum allocations with
different bandwidths just by varying the number of OFDM subcarriers used for
transmission.
Simpler receiver design to support high data rate communications. Detecting a
rectangular pulse with cyclic prefix requires less hardware.
Free capacity can then be used to implement other performance optimization
techniques.
Easy implementation of MIMO techniques.
OFDM/OFDMA
Advantages
OFDM/OFDMA has several advantages over other transmission schemes:

High spectral efficiency: Due to the orthogonality between subcarriers, it is
possible to pack them closely together (15kHz subcarrier spacing).
Little interference between subcarriers Due to the IFFT/FFT processing
(Interference can be introduced by frequency offsets generated by either
Doppler or Local Oscillator frequency
inaccuracies).
Robustness in multi-path environments due to the cyclic prefix.
Straightforward support of the operation in different spectrum allocations with
different bandwidths just by varying the number of OFDM subcarriers used for
transmission.
Simpler receiver design to support high data rate communications. Detecting a
rectangular pulse with cyclic prefix requires less hardware.
Free capacity can then be used to implement other performance optimization
techniques.
Easy implementation of MIMO techniques.
OFDM
A
Drawbacks of OFDMA
The main disadvantage of OFDM/OFDMA is that the signal has a relatively large Peak to-
Average Power Ratio (PAPR). This is due to the nature of OFMA, where modulated symbols are
transmitted in parallel, each containing a part of the transmission.
The power at a certain point in time is the sum of the powers of all the transmitted symbols for a
certain connection, and
Therefore the differences between peak and average powers can be high.
This reduces the power efficiency of the RF amplifier.
OFDMA
Modulation De Modulation
Mapping De Mapping
CP CP FFT P/S Symbols
Symbols S/P IFFT
Add Removal (QPSK,
(QPSK,
4QAM..)
4QAM..)
Transmitter Structure Receiver Structure
OFDMA Symbol
Frequency
Modulated The OFDMA symbol is defined in the
Symbols 00 time and frequency domains:
e.g. QPSK
10 Time domain: Time period occupied
by the modulation symbols on the
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 11 considered subcarriers. The symbol
S/P 01 duration is 66.67 s (subcarrier
spacing is 15 kHz).
10 Frequency domain: A symbol are
OFDMA transmitting on subcarriers.
Symbols Each subcarrier only carries
information related to a specific
modulation symbol.
An OFDMA symbol represents all
Time the data being transferred in
parallel at a point in time.
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-
FDMA)
What is Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?
Utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain equalization.
Has similar performance and essentially the same overall structure as those of OFDMA
system. Also, referred to as DFT-spread OFDMA.
Has low PAPR because of its inherent single carrier transmitter structure.
An attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where lower
PAPR greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency.
SC-FDMA
Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access is the technology chosen for the uplink air
interface because it does not suffer from high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) as OFDMA.
SC-FDMA is a more power efficient variation of OFDMA that still employs subcarriers, FFT, cyclic
prefix, and other OFDM concepts.
Transmitter Structure Receiver Structure
De Modula
Modulation Tion
Mapping CP De Mapping
FFT IFFT CP FFT IFFT
Symbols Removal Symbols
Add (QPSK,
(QPSK,
4QAM..) 4QAM..)
Frequency
Components
Of Modulation
Symbols
SC-FDMA
The main difference is that in the case of SC-FDMA there is additional processing before the IFFT:
The modulated symbols are fed to the FFT processing.
The outputs are the frequency components of the modulation symbols.
Those frequency components are mapped to the allocated inputs of the IFFT and from there, the
normal OFDM processing continues.
The FFT output size is smaller than the IFFT input size.
This is because the granted UL resources to one UE cannot exceed the total resources in the cell.
Multiple UEs can be allocated in uplink, each one using different (groups of) subcarriers.
SC-FDMA
QPSK example using M=4 subcarriers
The following
graphs show how
a sequence of
eight QPSK
symbols is
represented in
frequency and
time
Data symbols occupy M*15 kHz for1/M SC-FDMA symbol periods 60
SC-FDMA
N = The number of data symbols

If 4 Data Symbols then 60 KHz
SC-FDMA
The additional FFT processing block in SC-FDMA spreads the information of each bit over all
the sub-carriers
In an SC-FDMA signal, each subcarrier used for transmission contains information about all
transmitted modulation symbols (thus 'single carrier' name)
Input data stream has been spread by the FFT transform over the available subcarriers.
In OFDMA each subcarrier only carries information related to specific modulation

symbols.
OFDMA & SC-
FDMA
LTE
PHYSICAL LAYER STRUCTURE
Time Domain Structure FDD
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
One Radio Frame = 10 ms => 10 Sub Frames = 20 Slots (0 to 19)
One Sub Frame 1 ms = > 2 Slots

1 Slots = 0.5 ms
1 Slots = 0.5 ms => 7/6 OFDM Symbols
TCP 1 OFDMA Symbol = 66.67 us

TCP= 4.75/16.67 us
TDD
Frame
The TDD frame is 10 milliseconds long .
It has 10 subframes (numbered from 0 to 9), each 1 millisecond long.
A Subframe consists of two adjacent slots, except for ones designated as a special Subframe.
Each slot is 0.5 milliseconds long,
Time Domain Structure TDD
One Radio Frame = 10 ms => 2 Equal Size Half Frames
1st Equal Size Half Frames = 5 ms 2nd Equal Size Half Frames = 5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
1 Sub frames of 1 ms
#0 #5 1Sub
# Frames
2 # 3 (0
# 4 4)#of
51#
ms6 each
# 7 # 85 #
Sub Frames
9 # (5 #
10 # 11 9)
12of
#113ms each
1 Sub frame => 14 OFDM Symbols
TCP 1 OFDMA Symbol = 66.67 us
TCP= 4.75 us
TDD
Frame
For TDD, some subframes are set up for certain functions.

Subframes 0 and 5 are reserved for downlink traffic.
Subframe 2 must contain uplink traffic.
Subframe 1 is a special subframe.
A special subframe always occurs at the switch between DL to UL, to provide a guard period.
Subframe 6 may be used for either a downlink or a special subframe.
If subframe 6 is a special subframe, then subframe 7 will be for uplink traffic.
Also, subframes 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9 are either UL or DL.
Physical Resource Block & Resource Element
A Physical Resource Block (PRB) or Resource Block (RB) is the physical resource used
for transmission.
Capacity allocation in LTE is based on Physical Resource Blocks.
A PRB is composed of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain per 1 slot period (0.5 ms)
in time domain.
Since each subcarrier occupies 15 kHz, a PRB occupies 180 kHz
(12 x 15 kHz) in the frequency domain.
A different concept is the scheduling resource block that is composed of two Physical
Resource Blocks (1 ms duration) since the scheduling is done per 1 ms (TTI duration)
Download Resource
Allocation
Resource Block Representations
1 Slot One Slot = 0.5 ms
One PRB = 12 consecutive Subcarriers
1 Subcarrier = 0.5 / 12 => 41.667 usec
1 Subcarrier = > 6 or 7 OFDM symbols
1 Symbol = 41.667 / 7 => 5.6 usec
= 1 Resource Element
1 Resource Block = 12 x 7 Symbols
= 84 or 72 Symbols
12 Subcarriers
= 0.5 ms
1 Subcarriers = 15 KHz
12 Subcarriers = 180 KHz
Hence
1 Resource Block = 180 KHz
=> 72 or 84 Symbols
7 Symbols
1 Resource Element
1 Resource Block
The resource block size is the same for all bandwidths.

Physical Resource Block
Frequency
One PRB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12 Sub carriers = 180 kHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
One slot One slot One Resource

Element
1 ms Sub-Frame
Time
Download Resource
Allocation
By 3GPP LTE requirements:
certain bandwidths are specified : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz.
The physical layer specification allows a downlink carrier to consist of any
number of a minimum of 6 resource blocks up to a maximum of 100.
several users can be allocated per time period.
Download Resource
Allocation
By 3GPP LTE requirements:
certain bandwidths are specified : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz.
The physical layer specification allows a downlink carrier to consist of any
number of a minimum of 6 resource blocks up to a maximum of 100.
several users can be allocated per time period.
Downlink Reference Signals
Reference signals are used for channel estimation (signal quality and strength)
Three types of reference signals defined in downlink for LTE: cell-specific, UE specific and Multicast
Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN).
They are transmitted in every downlink sub frame spanning across the whole downlink cell
bandwidth.
They are modulated to identify the cell to which they belong.
The position of the reference signals in the time domain is fixed (symbols 0 and 4 for the FDD
frame), and in the frequency domain it depends on the Cell ID.
each reference signal occupies one resource element
Distributing the reference signals in both time and frequency domains allows the UE to complete the
channel estimation in both domains.
For downlink multi-antenna transmission (e.g. MIMO),
Reference signals will be assign per antenna.
For terminals need to estimate the channel for each transmitting antenna
Resource Block for Antenna 1 Resource Block for Antenna 2
Ref, DTX
DTX Ref,
12 Sub carriers
DTX Ref.
Ref, DTX
Ref. DTX
DTX Ref,
In Compliance
Downlink with ISO 9001
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Location (2 |Tx
IT Infrastructure
antennas case)Services
One slot = 7 Symbols One slot = 7 Symbols
For downlink multi-antenna transmission (e.g. MIMO),
Reference signals will be assign per antenna.
For terminals need to estimate the channel for each transmitting antenna
Resource Block for Antenna 1 Resource Block for Antenna 2
Ref, DTX
DTX Ref,
12 Sub carriers
DTX Ref.
Ref, DTX
Ref. DTX
DTX Ref,
In Compliance
Downlink with ISO 9001
Reference | Cost effective
Signals Example | Quality | Training
Location (2 |Tx
IT Infrastructure
antennas case)Services
One slot = 7 Symbols One slot = 7 Symbols
Uplink Reference Signals
The uplink reference signals are used for

channel estimation to help with the data demodulation,
channel quality estimation for the uplink scheduling,
power control and
timing estimation amongst others.
Due to the nature of SC-FDMA, they are time-multiplexed with the data symbols, They always
occupy
symbol number 3 in each slot - normal cyclic prefix,
symbol number 4 in each slot - extended cyclic prefix.
There are two types of reference signals in uplink:

Demodulation reference signals:
Used for channel estimation and associated with transmissions of uplink data and/or control
signaling.
Sounding reference signals:

Used for channel quality estimation to support scheduling in the uplink in case of channel
aware scheduling.
They are not associated to uplink data and/or control transmissions.
There are two types of reference signals in uplink:

Demodulation reference signals:
Used for channel estimation and associated with transmissions of uplink data and/or control
signaling.
Sounding reference signals:

Used for channel quality estimation to support scheduling in the uplink in case of channel
aware scheduling.
They are not associated to uplink data and/or control transmissions.
Uplink Physical Resource Block

12 subcarriers in frequency domain by 1 slot in time domain.
The demodulation signal - always sent in symbol 3 across the whole bandwidth used by the
terminal.
The remaining resource elements are used for control and data.
Every modulated symbol is spread across the 12 subcarriers.

12 subcarriers in frequency domain by 1 slot in time domain.
The demodulation signal - always sent in symbol 3 across the whole bandwidth used by the
terminal.
The remaining resource elements are used for control and data.
Every modulated symbol is spread across the 12 subcarriers.
Uplink TSLOT=0.5 ms
NULSYM OFDM
Symbols
K=NULRBNRBSC-1
Frequency
Resource Block
NULSymxNRBSC
NULRBxNRBSC subcarrirrs
NRBSC subcarriers
12 subcarriers x15 KHz=180 KHz
Resource
Element
15 KHz
Cyclic Prefix Normal

f=15 KHz NRBSC=12; NULSYM=7
Cyclic Prefix Extended

6o7 f=15 KHz NRBSC=12; NULSYM=6
Symbols
l=0 l=NULSym-1
Uplink Resource Allocation
Uplink resource allocation

Uplink resource allocation is based in PRB as in the downlink.
SC-FDMA nature, one user is always continuous in frequency.
The Uplink bandwidth allocated is 180 kHz to - 20 MHz.
Uplink scheduler will decide PRB allocations based upon terminals capacity
LTE Air Interface
EUTRAN uses OFDM with 2048 subcarriers with a spacing of 15 kHz.
Not all 2048 subcarriers are for use, the subcarriers at the edges must be left free as
guard bands against interference from other systems.
A single cell of EUTRAN uses at least 72 subcarriers and maximum 1320 subcarriers.
This corresponds to bandwidths from 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz,10 MHz, 15MHZ and up to
20 MHz.
LTE Air Interface
EUTRAN uses OFDM with 2048 subcarriers with a spacing of 15 kHz.
Not all 2048 subcarriers are for use, the subcarriers at the edges must be left free as
guard bands against interference from other systems.
A single cell of EUTRAN uses at least 72 subcarriers and maximum 1320 subcarriers.
This corresponds to bandwidths from 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz,10 MHz, 15MHZ and up to
20 MHz.
LTE Air Interface
The EUTRAN sampling rate is 2048 *15KHz= 30720000 samples/sec.

So in one EUTRAN radio frame we have 307200 OFDM samples in 10mS
A single cell must have at least 6 resource blocks (72 subcarriers) in each slot, up to 110 are
possible (1320 subcarriers).
Subcarriers per cell N = 72, , 1320
-1024 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 1023
15 kHz
(7.5 kHz)
Fc
2048 subcarriers with a spacing of 15 kHz.
LTE Physical Layer Configuration
Transmission BW 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Sub-frame duration 1.0 ms
Sub-carrier spacing 15 kHz
1.92 MHz 3.84 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz
Sampling frequency
( x 3.84 MHz) (2 x 3.84 MHz) (4 x 3.84 MHz) (6 x 3.84 MHz) (8 x 3.84 MHz)
FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Number of occupied sub-
73 181 301 601 901 1201
carriers
Number of OFDM
symbols per slot 7/6
(Short/Long CP)
Useful Symbol Time (s) 66.67
(4.69/9) x 6, (4.69/18) x 6, (4.69/36) x 6, (4.69/72) x 6, (4.69/108) x 6, (4.69/144) x 6,
CP length Short
(5.21/10) x 1* (5.21/20) x 1 (5.21/40) x 1 (5.21/80) x 1 (5.21/120) x 1 (5.21/160) x 1
(s/samples)
Long (16.67/32) (16.67/64) (16.67/128) (16.67/256) (16.67/384) (16.67/512)
*: {(x1/y1) x n1, (x2/y2) x n2} means (x1/y1) for n1 OFDM symbols and (x2/y2) for n2 OFDM symbols
Number of occupied sub-carriers includes DC sub-carrier which contains no data
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LTE TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

Significantly increased peak data rates

UMTS HSPA + HSPA +

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

CDMA200 CDMA2000 EV-DO EV-DO

Significantly improved spectrum efficiency and cell edge bitrate

Downlink target (bits/sec/Hz/site):

Uplink target (bits/sec/Hz/site):

FDL = FDL_LOW + 0.1(NDL - NDL_OFFSET)

FUL = FUL_LOW + 0.1(NUL - NUL_OFFSET)

Extract Exl file for more details

Micros oft Excel

There are two types of LTE frame structure:

Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems.

There are two types of LTE frame structure:

Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems.

The following graphs

Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period

Time and Frequency Domain representation of an OFDM subcarrier

Time Domain Frequency Domain

A rectangular pulse in time domain corresponds to a sinc-square-shaped spectrum

Tu : Total useful Time

There are two cyclic prefix options for the LTE:

OFDM/OFDMA has several advantages over other transmission schemes:

OFDM/OFDMA has several advantages over other transmission schemes:

Transmitter Structure Receiver Structure

What is Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?

Utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain equalization.

system. Also, referred to as DFT-spread OFDMA.

An attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where lower

Transmitter Structure Receiver Structure

Data symbols occupy M*15 kHz for1/M SC-FDMA symbol periods 60

N = The number of data symbols

In OFDMA each subcarrier only carries information related to specific modulation

PHYSICAL LAYER STRUCTURE

One Radio Frame = 10 ms => 10 Sub Frames = 20 Slots (0 to 19)

One Sub Frame 1 ms = > 2 Slots

1 Slots = 0.5 ms => 7/6 OFDM Symbols

TCP 1 OFDMA Symbol = 66.67 us

One Radio Frame = 10 ms => 2 Equal Size Half Frames

1 Sub frame => 14 OFDM Symbols

For TDD, some subframes are set up for certain functions.

The resource block size is the same for all bandwidths.

One slot One slot One Resource

Resource Block for Antenna 1 Resource Block for Antenna 2

Resource Block for Antenna 1 Resource Block for Antenna 2

The uplink reference signals are used for

There are two types of reference signals in uplink:

Sounding reference signals:

There are two types of reference signals in uplink:

Sounding reference signals:

Physical Resource Block

Physical Resource Block

12 subcarriers x15 KHz=180 KHz

Cyclic Prefix Normal

Cyclic Prefix Extended

Uplink resource allocation

The EUTRAN sampling rate is 2048 *15KHz= 30720000 samples/sec.

Subcarriers per cell N = 72, , 1320

2048 subcarriers with a spacing of 15 kHz.

Transmission BW 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Number of occupied sub-carriers includes DC sub-carrier which contains no data

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