Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Entity-Relationship Modelling
BasicconceptsassociatedwithERmodel.
DiagrammatictechniquefordisplayingERmodelusing
UnifiedModelingLanguage(UML).
HowtoidentifyandresolveproblemswithERmodelscalled
connectiontraps.
HowtobuildanERmodelfromarequirementsspecification.
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ERdiagramofBranchviewofDreamHome
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ConceptsoftheERModel
Entitytypes
Relationshiptypes
Attributes
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EntityType
Entitytype
Groupofobjectswithsameproperties,
identifiedbyenterpriseashavingan
independentexistence.
Entityoccurrence
Uniquelyidentifiableobjectofanentitytype.
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ExamplesofEntityTypes
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ERdiagramofStaffandBranchentitytypes
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RelationshipTypes
Relationshiptype
Setofmeaningfulassociationsamongentity
types.
Relationshipoccurrence
Uniquelyidentifiableassociation,which
includesoneoccurrencefromeach
participatingentitytype.
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SemanticnetofHasrelationshiptype
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ERdiagramofBranchHasStaffrelationship
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RelationshipTypes
DegreeofaRelationship
Numberofparticipatingentitiesinrelationship.
Relationshipofdegree:
twoisbinary
threeisternary
fourisquaternary.
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BinaryrelationshipcalledPOwns
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TernaryrelationshipcalledRegisters
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QuaternaryrelationshipcalledArranges
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RelationshipTypes
RecursiveRelationship
Relationshiptypewheresameentitytype
participatesmorethanonceindifferentroles.
Relationshipsmaybegivenrolenamesto
indicatepurposethateachparticipatingentity
typeplaysinarelationship.
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RecursiverelationshipcalledSupervises
withrolenames
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Entitiesassociatedthroughtwodistinct
relationshipswithrolenames
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Attributes
Attribute
Propertyofanentityorarelationshiptype.
AttributeDomain
Setofallowablevaluesforoneormore
attributes.
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Attributes
SimpleAttribute
Attributecomposedofasinglecomponent
withanindependentexistence.
CompositeAttribute
Attributecomposedofmultiplecomponents,
eachwithanindependentexistence.
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Attributes
SinglevaluedAttribute
Attributethatholdsasinglevalueforeach
occurrenceofanentitytype.
MultivaluedAttribute
Attributethatholdsmultiplevaluesforeach
occurrenceofanentitytype.
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Attributes
DerivedAttribute
Attributethatrepresentsavaluethatis
derivablefromvalueofarelatedattribute,
orsetofattributes,notnecessarilyinthe
sameentitytype.
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Keys
CandidateKey
Minimalsetofattributesthatuniquelyidentifieseach
occurrenceofanentitytype.
PrimaryKey
Candidatekeyselectedtouniquelyidentifyeach
occurrenceofanentitytype.
CompositeKey
Acandidatekeythatconsistsoftwoormoreattributes.
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ERdiagramofStaffandBranchentities
andtheirattributes
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EntityType
StrongEntityType
Entitytypethatisnotexistencedependent
onsomeotherentitytype.
WeakEntityType
Entitytypethatisexistencedependenton
someotherentitytype.
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StrongentitytypecalledClientandweak
entitytypecalledPreference
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RelationshipcalledAdvertiseswithattributes
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StructuralConstraints
Maintypeofconstraintonrelationshipsiscalled
multiplicity.
Multiplicitynumber(orrange)ofpossible
occurrencesofanentitytypethatmayrelatetoa
singleoccurrenceofanassociatedentitytype
throughaparticularrelationship.
Representspolicies(calledbusinessrules)established
byuserorcompany.
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StructuralConstraints
Themostcommondegreeforrelationshipsis
binary.
Binaryrelationshipsaregenerallyreferredto
asbeing:
onetoone(1:1)
onetomany(1:*)
manytomany(*:*)
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SemanticnetofStaffManagesBranch
relationshiptype
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MultiplicityofStaffManagesBranch(1:1)
relationship
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SemanticnetofStaffOversees
PropertyForRentrelationshiptype
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MultiplicityofStaffOverseesPropertyForRent
(1:*)relationshiptype
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SemanticnetofNewspaperAdvertises
PropertyForRentrelationshiptype
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MultiplicityofNewspaperAdvertises
PropertyForRent(*:*)relationship
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StructuralConstraints
MultiplicityforComplexRelationships
Number(orrange)ofpossibleoccurrences
ofanentitytypeinannaryrelationship
whenother(n1)valuesarefixed.
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SemanticnetofternaryRegistersrelationship
withvaluesforStaffandBranchentitiesfixed
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MultiplicityofternaryRegistersrelationship
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Summaryofmultiplicityconstraints
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StructuralConstraints
Multiplicityismadeupoftwotypesofrestrictionson
relationships:cardinalityandparticipation.
Cardinality
Describesmaximumnumberofpossiblerelationship
occurrencesforanentityparticipatinginagiven
relationshiptype.
Participation
Determineswhetheralloronlysomeentityoccurrences
participateinarelationship.
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Multiplicityascardinalityandparticipation
constraints
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Lecture11FurtherObjectives
HowtoidentifyandresolveproblemswithER
modelscalledconnectiontraps.
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ProblemswithERModels
Problemsmayarisewhendesigninga
conceptualdatamodelcalledconnectiontraps.
Oftenduetoamisinterpretationofthe
meaningofcertainrelationships.
Twomaintypesofconnectiontrapsarecalled
fantrapsandchasmtraps.
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ProblemswithERModels
FanTrap
Whereamodelrepresentsarelationshipbetween
entitytypes,butpathwaybetweencertainentity
occurrencesisambiguous.
ChasmTrap
Whereamodelsuggeststheexistenceofa
relationshipbetweenentitytypes,butpathway
doesnotexistbetweencertainentityoccurrences.
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AnExampleofaFanTrap
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SemanticNetofERModelwithFanTrap
AtwhichbranchofficedoesstaffnumberSG37
work?
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RestructuringERmodeltoremoveFanTrap
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SemanticNetofRestructuredERModel
withFanTrapRemoved
SG37worksatbranchB003.
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AnExampleofaChasmTrap
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SemanticNetofERModelwithChasmTrap
AtwhichbranchofficeispropertyPA14
available?
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ERModelrestructuredtoremoveChasmTrap
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SemanticNetofRestructuredERModel
withChasmTrapRemoved
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