Lets Talk

SEX
About SEX
1. What is Human Sexuality?
2. Male & Female Anatomy
3. Physiology & Sexual Response
4. Love & Attraction
5. Relationships, Communication & Intimacy
6. Sexual Orientation & Atypical Behavior
7. STIs
8. Conception, Pregnancy & Childbirth
9. Birth Control
10.Sexual Coercion & Assault (SACE)
What is
Human
Sexuality?
Make-up Of An Individuals
Unique Sexual Being:

o physical
o
psychological
o social
o cultural
o spiritual
Five Features of Sexuality:

o Sensuality
o Intimacy
o Sexual
Identity
o Reproduction
o Sexualization
SENSUALITY
awareness and acceptance of our own
body

o knowledge of anatomy & physiology

o understanding sexual response
o body image
o satisfaction of skin hunger
o attraction template
o fantasy
 INTIMACY
experiencing emotional closeness to
another

o caring
o sharing
o risk taking
o vulnerability
o self disclosure
SEXUAL IDENTITY
process of discovering who we are in terms of
sexuality

o gender roles
o orientation
o self esteem & confidence level
o relationships with family & friends
o roles as child & adult
o perception of self as male/female
REPRODUCTION
values, attitudes & behaviors relating to
reproduction

o contraception & fertility issues

o lifestyles
o STIs (including AIDS)
o anatomy & physiology
o morality issues
SEXUALIZATION
use of sexuality to influence, control or
manipulate

o style of dress
o appearance & body language
o advertising
o movies, talk shows & media
o harassment & sexual assault
o paraphilias (voyeurism,
exhibitionism)
 Values
VALUES: the qualities in life which are
deemed important or unimportant,
right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

MORAL VALUES: relate to our conduct

with and treatment of other people,
more than just right or wrong, looks at
the whole picture
 Values
SEXUAL MORAL VALUES: relate to
the rightness and wrongness of
sexual conduct and when and how
sexuality should be expressed

SOURCES OF SEXUAL VALUES: we

acquire our sexual values from our
social environment
Research
Founders
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Austrian physician

Personality theory based on sex drive

as our principle motivating force
Research
Founders
ALFRED KINSEY (1894-1956):
American zoologist

First comprehensive survey ~

interviewed 12,000 subjects
Research
Founders
WILLIAM MASTERS & VIRGINIA
JOHNSON (1960s):

Lab observations of 700 subjects to

study human sexual response stages
Female
Anatomy
MONS VENERIS:

fatty tissue that covers the joint of

the pubic bones in front of the body,
below the abdomen
cushions a womans body during
sexual intercourse, protecting her
and her partner from the pressure
against the pubic bone
LABIA MAJORA:

large folds of skin that run

downward from the mons along the
sides of the vulva
amply supplied with nerve endings
that respond to stimulation
shield the inner portions of the
female genitals
LABIA MINORA:

hairless, light colored membranes

located between the labia majora
they surround the urethral and
vaginal opening
at the top, they join at the hood of
the clitoris
highly sensitive to sexual stimulation
darken and swell when stimulated
CLITORIS:

female sex organ located above

the urethral opening
serves no known function other
than sexual pleasure

PREPUCE:

hood that covers the clitoris

URETHRAL OPENING:

opening through which urine passes

from the females body

VAGINAL OPENING:

lies below and is larger than the

urethral opening, covered by a hymen
HYMEN:

fold of tissue across the vaginal

opening that is usually present at birth
and remains at least partially intact
until a woman engages in coitus

PUBO COCCYGEUS MUSCLE:

muscles that encircle the entrance to

the vagina (Kegel exercises)
VAGINA:

usually 3 to 5 inches long

extends back and upward from
the vaginal opening
menstrual flow and babies pass
from the uterus through the vagina
during coitus, the penis is
contained within the vagina
CERVIX:

is the lower end of the uterus

its walls, like the vagina, produce
secretions that contribute to the
chemical balance of the vagina
the opening in the middle of the
cervix, called the os, is normally the
width of a straw
os expands to permit passage of a
baby during childbirth
UTERUS (aka WOMB):

the organ in which a fertilized

egg implants and develops until birth

ENDOMETRIUM:

innermost layer of tissue which is

discharged during menstruation
tissue may grow in the abdominal
cavity or elsewhere ~ Endometriosis
OVARIES (2):

almond shaped organs, each

about 1.5 inches long
produce egg cells (ova) and
female sex hormones estrogen and
progesterone
Male
Anatomy
PENIS:

male organ of sexual intercourse

contains the opening through which
semen and urine pass

CORPUS CAVERNOSUM (2):

cylinders of spongy tissue in the

penis that become congested with
blood and stiffen during sexual arousal
SCROTUM:

pouch of loose skin that

becomes covered lightly with hair at
puberty
consists of two compartments which
hold the testes

TESTES (2):

produce germ cells (sperm) and male sex

hormone testosterone
TESTOSTERONE:

stimulates prenatal differentiation

of male sex organs, sperm production
and development of secondary sex
characteristics (ex. beard, deep voice)

VAS DEFERENS (2):

thin cylindrical tube about 16 inches

long that serves as a conduit for sperm
SEMINAL VESICLES (2):

small glans each about 2 inches long

lie behind the bladder and open into
the ejaculatory ducts, where the
fluids they secrete combine with
sperm
the fluid they produce nourishes
sperm and helps them become active
PROSTATE GLAND:

lies beneath the bladder

contains muscle fibers and glandular
tissue that secrete prostatic fluid which
is milky and alkaline
provides the characteristic texture
and odor of the seminal fluid
the alkalinity neutralizes some of the
acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging
the life span of sperm as it passes
through the female reproductive
system
COWPERS GLANDS (2):

lie below the prostate

empty their secretion into the
urethra
during sexual arousal they
secrete a drop or so of clear,
slippery fluid that appears at the
urethral opening
SEMEN:

made up of fluids from the

seminal vesicles, prostate gland and
Cowpers glands
about 70% of the ejaculate is secreted by
the seminal vesicle
the other 30% consists of sperm and fluids
from the prostate gland and Cowpers gland
sperm only accounts for 1% of semen
ejaculate = 200 - 400 million sperm
Physiology
& Sexual
Response
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
MENSTRUATION:

the cyclical bleeding that stems from

the shedding of the uterine lining
humans ~ averages 28 days
regulated by estrogen & progesterone
ovulation may not occur each time
follows ovulation by 14 days (2)
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
MENARCHE:

the onset of menstruation,

the first period
the first few years of
menstruation may be
anovulatory (no ovulation)
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
MENOPAUSE:

the cessation of menstruation

commonly occurs between the
ages of 45 & 50 and lasts 2 years
estrogen levels drop producing
many unpleasant side effects (ex.
night sweats, hot flashes)
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
MAN-OPAUSE (?):

men cannot undergo menopause

because they have never
menstruated
they can experience a gradual
decline in testosterone levels but it is
unlike the sharp decline of estrogen
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
DYSMENORRHEA:

mild to severe pain or

discomfort during menstruation
pelvic cramps, nausea,
headaches, backaches, bloating
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS):

symptoms that regularly afflict many

women during the four to six days
prior to menstruation each month
combination physical & psychological
ex. anxiety, depression, irritability,
weight gain, abdominal pain
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
SEX DURING MENSTRUATION:

no evidence that sex during

menstruation is physically harmful
many couples continue to engage in
sex while others abstain
may be helpful in relieving cramps
by dispelling blood congestion
SEXUAL
FUNCTIONS
ERECTION:

the enlargement and stiffening of

the penis as a consequence of filling
with blood (a spinal reflex)
can double in length and become
firm in a matter of 10-15 seconds
bladder closes off during arousal
SEXUAL
FUNCTIONS
EJACULATION:

expulsion of semen from tip of penis

a spinal reflex triggered when sexual
stimulation reaches the threshold
often, but not always, occurs together
with orgasm (subjective sensations)
occurs in two stages
SEXUAL
FUNCTIONS
STAGE 1 ~ EMISSION:

involves contractions of the prostate

gland, seminal vesicles & vas
deferens
forces seminal fluid into a small tube
called the urethral bulb which closes
at both ends, trapping the fluid
SEXUAL
FUNCTIONS
STAGE 2 ~ EXPULSION:

propulsion of seminal fluid through

the urethra and out of the urethral
opening at the tip of the penis
the muscles at the base of the penis
contract rhythmically, expelling semen
usually accompanied by orgasm
SEXUAL
FUNCTIONS
RETROGRADE EJACULATION:

ejaculate empties into the bladder

rather than being expelled
result is a dry orgasm
usually harmless as the semen is later
expelled during urination but may have
an underlying health risk cause
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
APHRODISIAC:
a substance that arouses or
increases ones capacity for sexual
pleasure
no foods have been shown to be
sexually stimulating
Spanish Fly is a toxic irritant
basic fuel of desire = testosterone
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
PHEROMONES:

chemical substances secreted

externally which are odorless
detected through a sixth sense
triggering sexual behavior in many
organisms
contained in vaginal secretions &
urine
SEXUAL
RESPONSE
ORGASM:

the climax of sexual excitement

similar physiological response to
sexual stimulation for men and
women
described by Kaplan as a three-stage
model of sexual response
KAPLANS
MODEL
STAGE 1 ~ DESIRE:

the drive & interest level for sexual

activity which arises in the brain
testosterone is the key hormone for
desire level in both men & women
strengthened by fantasy &
stimulation
KAPLANS
MODEL
STAGE 2 ~ EXCITEMENT:

increased muscle tension, heart rate

& blood pressure
women engorged clitoris, labia &
vagina, vaginal lubrication
men penile erection, enlargement &
elevation of testes, Cowpers secretion
KAPLANS
MODEL
STAGE 3 ~ ORGASM:

involuntary muscle spasms

throughout body, mostly in vagina &
penis
blood pressure, heart rate &
respiration peak
slightly longer duration for females
MASTURBATION

sexual self-stimulation either manual

or with the aid of an artificial device
such as a vibrator
physically & psychologically harmless
negative attitudes may be associated
reasons: relieve sexual tension, for
physical pleasure, to relax, partner
unavailable, to get to sleep
 LOVE
&
ATTRACTION
ATTRACTION
minimal standards for attractiveness?
beauty in the eye of the beholder?
do men prefer big breasts?
opposites attract?
should I put on a happy face?
what do you look for long-term?
the matching hypothesis
ATTRACTION
MINIMAL STANDARDS FOR
ATTRACTIVENESS

o sensitivity, warmth and intelligence

ARE NOT more important to us
o research shows that attractiveness is
the key factor when choosing a
partner
 ATTRACTION
EYE OF THE BEHOLDER

o broad agreement among cultures that

we all want physically attractive
partners
o many men prefer women to be less
slender than many women think
o many men prefer a bust size smaller
than what women think
 ATTRACTION
DO OPPOSITES ATTRACT?

o we are drawn to those with similar

attitudes, background & tastes
o match made in the neighborhood,
not in heaven
o women place more value on similar
attitude, men on physical attraction
 ATTRACTION
COME ON, SMILE

o a smile DOES make you more

attractive
o both genders rated a smiling photo
more attractive than a non-smiling pose
o more true for photos of women than
photos of men
 ATTRACTION
LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS

o physical attraction was rated lower for

men & women when discussing long-term
relationship appeal
o warmth, honesty, sensitivity &
faithfulness ranked higher
o single most important quality - HONESTY
 ATTRACTION
MATCHING HYPOTHESIS

o who is right for you?

o people tend to develop romantic
relationships with people who are similar
to themselves
o motive for seeking matches seems to be
fear of rejection by more appealing
people
ATTRACTION TEMPLATE
WHAT SOCIETY SAYS

NICE IF

SHOULD

MUST
 LOVE
STYLES OF LOVE

romantic love
game-playing love
friendship
logical love
possessive / excited love
selfless love
 LOVE
ROMANTIC LOVE:

lust
similar to our concept of passion
my lover fits my ideal
my lover & I were attracted to one
another immediately
 LOVE
GAME-PLAYING LOVE:

the chase is most important

I get over affairs pretty easily
I keep my lover up in the air about
my commitment
 LOVE
FRIENDSHIP:

respect, intimacy
loving attachment with nonsexual
affection
the best love grows out of an
enduring friendship
 LOVE
LOGICAL LOVE:

practical
I consider my lovers potential in life
before committing myself
I consider whether my lover will be
a good parent
 LOVE
POSSESSIVE / EXCITED LOVE:

passion
I get so excited about my love that I
cannot sleep
when my lover ignores me I get sick
all over
 LOVE
SELFLESS LOVE:

similar to generosity & charity

I would do anything I can to help my
lover
my lovers needs & wishes are more
important than my own
unhealthy if only one partner
TRIANGULAR
THEORY OF
LOVE
THREE COMPONENTS OF LOVE
INTIMACY:
the experience of warmth toward
another person that arises from feelings
of closeness, bondedness &
connectedness to the other

PASSION:
an intense romantic or sexual desire
for another person, which is
accompanied by physical arousal

COMMITMENT / DECISION:
a component of love that involves both
short and long-term issues
 T
EN

IN
M

TI
IT

M
M

AC
M

(CONSUMMATE)
CO

Y
PASSION
 NON LOVE

all three components of love are

absent
Most of our personal relationships
are of this type
Casual acquaintances that do not
involve any elements of love
 LIKING=
INTIMACY ONLY

A loving experience with another

person or friendship in which
intimacy is present but passion
& commitment are not
 INFATUATION=
PASSION ONLY

Passionate, obsessive love at

first sight without intimacy or
commitment
 EMPTY LOVE=
COMMITMENT ONLY

Decision to love each other

without intimacy or passion
Includes stagnant relationships
that no longer involve emotional
intimacy or physical attraction
 ROMANTIC LOVE=
INTIMACY &
PASSION

Lovers physically & emotionally

attracted to each other but
without commitment
Includes a summer romance
COMPANIONATE LOVE=
INTIMACY &
COMMITMENT

Long-term committed friendship

such as a marriage in which the
passion has faded
 FATUOUS LOVE=
PASSION &
COMMITMENT

Commitment based on passion

but without the time for intimacy
to develop
Includes a whirlwind courtship
 CONSUMMATE
LOVE

The full or complete measure of love

Involving the combination of passion,
intimacy & commitment / decision
Many of us strive to achieve this love
Maintaining this love is even more
difficult than achieving it
 INTIMACY
RELATIONSHIPS
&
COMMUNICATION
 A COUPLES
JOURNEY

HOW A
RELATIONSHI
P DEVELOPS
 the road is
long
FIVE STAGES

ROMANCE
POWER STRUGGLE
STABILITY
COMMITMENT
CO-CREATION
 COUPLES JOURNEY

ROMANCE

we sense our
possibilities & create a
shared vision
COUPLES JOURNEY

POWER STRUGGLE

we learn to recognize and

validate differing needs and
perceptions
we learn to say who we are &
what we want
should be symmetrical, parallel,
complimentary
COUPLES JOURNEY

STABILITY

learn to take responsibility & expand

our senses of identity through
dialogue with each other
our differences are OK
we each have our strengths
COUPLES JOURNEY

COMMITMENT

experience ourselves as
interdependent ~ we
learn to live with impossibility &
unsolvable problems
 MYTHS OF LONG-TERM
RELATIONSHIPS
Relationships will make you feel complete
Your partner should change for you if s/he really loves you
If you truly love each other, romance should continue
Your partner should understand you
Any differences should always be settled
In a good relationship, you have identical dreams & goals
A relationship must be stable in order to be healthy
The more open you are with your partner, the more
satisfying the relationship will be
If you are not fulfilled, your relationship must be at fault
Sexual disinterest is inevitable in a long-term relationship
HOW MARRIED PEOPLE MET
THEIR PARTNER
(MICHAEL ET AL., 1994)

5
13
35
15

32
 JEALOUSY

the green-eyd monster Shakespeare

evidence of jealousy in all cultures
can impair a relationship by producing
feelings of mistrust or possessiveness
fear of losing the loved one, anger
may lead to depression, spousal abuse,
suicide or even murder
in mild forms, can reveal how much you
care
 JEALOUSY

may derive from low self-esteem

these people are often overly
dependent on their partner
fear that they will not find another
partner
for women, feelings of inadequacy lead
to feelings of jealousy
for men, jealousy leads to inadequacy
can lead to perceiving anyone as a rival
 JEALOUSY

unfortunately, many lovers play

games
they let their partner know they are
attracted to other people
they flirt openly with others
they may make up stories to get more
attention from their partner, to inflict
pain, or to take revenge
 LONELINESS

many people experience loneliness,

sometimes even in a relationship
loneliness can cause depression,
anxiety & withdrawal from social
activities
lonely people tend to have several
of the following characteristics:
LONELY PEOPLE

lack of social skills

lack of interest in other people
lack of empathy
fear of rejection
failure to disclose personal
information to potential friends
cynical about human nature
demanding too much too soon
general pessimism
 REDUCE
LONELINESS
CHALLENGE FEELINGS OF
PESSIMISM

adopt the attitude that things

happen for you when you make
them happen
make a plan for your future & start
with small steps, one day at a time
remind yourself of all the things
you can be grateful for in your life
 REDUCE
LONELINESS

CHALLENGE YOUR CYNICISM

ABOUT HUMAN NATURE

yes, lots of people are selfish & not

worth knowing
but, if you assume all people are like
that you are doomed to loneliness
find people who have the qualities that
you value ~ they are out there!
 REDUCE
LONELINESS
FAILURE OF RELATIONSHIPS
IS NO REASON FOR GIVING UP

yes, a break-up can be awful & social

rejection can be painful
face it, we are not going to appeal to
everyone & must learn to live with
rejection
keep looking for those people that have
 REDUCE
LONELINESS
IMPROVE YOUR
DATE-SEEKING SKILLS

sit with people in the cafeteria

instead of by yourself in a corner
SMILE and say hi to people that
interest you
practice opening lines in front of a
mirror
 REDUCE
LONELINESS
MAKE SOCIAL CONTACTS

join committees
attend recreational activities
go to church
join social action groups such as
community betterment or
environmental
help out at your local animal shelter
 REDUCE
LONELINESS
BECOME A GOOD LISTENER

ask people how theyre doing

ask for their opinion about events &
activities
actually listen to what they say before
you plan your response
tolerate different opinions no two
people will have identical perspectives
 REDUCE
LONELINESS
REMEMBER THAT YOU
ARE WORTHY OF FRIENDS

yup, warts & all, you can be a good

friend
none of us is perfect (or even close to it)
we are all unique & you may connect
with more people than you imagine
give people a chance!
 INTIMACY

involves feelings of emotional

closeness & connectedness with
another person
desire to share each others
innermost thoughts & feelings
mutual trust, caring & acceptance
does not have to be sexual (ex.
friends, family that you are very
close to)
 INTIMACY
REQUIRES:

knowing & liking yourself

trusting & caring
being honest
making a commitment
maintaining individuality
communicating
 INTIMACY

KNOWING & LIKING YOURSELF:

coming to know & value yourself is

important to build intimacy with
others
know your innermost needs &
feelings
develop the security to share those
feelings
 INTIMACY

TRUSTING & CARING:

with trust comes feelings of security

to disclose information & feelings
trust builds gradually as partners
learn whether or not it is safe to share
caring is an emotional bond
involves meeting each others needs
 INTIMACY
BEING HONEST:

involves sharing freely & openly

does not mean partners must tell
each other everything, but there is a
healthy balance of revealing
information
total honesty can be devastating to a
relationship, especially when it comes
to past relationships or criticism
 INTIMACY
MAKING A COMMITMENT:

requires commitment to maintain

the relationship through good times &
bad
does not mean that the relationship
must be lifelong
the couple commits to work together
to overcome problems instead of
running at the first sign of trouble
 INTIMACY

MAINTAINING INDIVIDUALITY:

when the I becomes we

neither partner should take on the
personality of the other person
each partner should maintain their
interests, goals, needs, likes &
dislikes
 INTIMACY

COMMUNICATING:

good communication means

sending & receiving messages with
your partner
requires good listening & clear
speaking
is not always verbal
COMMUNICATION
PROBLEMS:

speaker may use words differently

than the listener, leading to
misunderstanding
speakers words may not match his or
her tone of voice, facial expression, or
body gestures
speaker may not be able to put into
words what he or she truly means or
COMMUNICATION

NONVERBAL:

feelings are also expressed through

tone of voice, gestures, body posture
& facial expressions
touching the arm, gazing into the
eyes, hugging, holding, speaking
softly or speaking forcefully
COMMUNICATION
ACTIVE LISTENING:

first, adopt the attitude that you

might actually learn something!
when the other person is speaking,
show that you understand their ideas
& feelings ask questions to help clarify
try to grasp the meaning the
speakers words instead of planning
your next line
 COMMUNICATION
PROVIDING INFORMATION:

your partner cannot read your mind!

take the opportunity to tell your
partner that s/he has done something
right
when giving criticism, focus on the
problem without causing guilt or fear
do not give ultimatums unless youll
 SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
&
ATYPICAL
BEHAVIOR
SEXUAL ORIENTATION

the direction of ones sexual

interests

can be toward members of the

same gender, opposite gender or
both genders
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
HETEROSEXUAL

attraction & preference for romantic

relationships with other gender

HOMOSEXUAL

attraction & preference for romantic

relationships with same gender
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
BISEXUAL

attraction & interest for romantic

relationships with both genders

DID YOU KNOW

sexual feelings involving people of
ones own gender are common in
adolescence & do not mean that one
will be gay in adulthood?
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
KINSEY SCALE

a 7-point heterosexual-homosexual
scale that classifies people according to
their homosexual behavior & the
magnitude of their attraction to
members of their own gender
category 0 = exclusively heterosexual
category 6 = exclusively homosexual
 HETROSEXUAL

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

HOMOSEXUAL
 KINSEY SCALE
0= exclusively heterosexual
1= heterosexual, 1-2 homosexual experiences
2= mostly heterosexual, some homosexual
3= bisexual (equal)
4= mostly homosexual, some heterosexual
5= homosexual, 1-2 heterosexual experiences
6= exclusively homosexual

Looks only at BEHAVIOR, not at FEELINGS, DESIRE or

FANTASY
 ATTITUDES

one U.S. survey found that of males aged

15 19, 90% of them felt that sex
between gay men was disgusting
60% would not even consider being friends
with a gay man
in 2000, 9 out of 10 Canadians believed
there should be equal job opportunities for
homosexuals
yet, only 4 out of 10 support gay marriages
 GENETICS

there is evidence that gay sexual orientation

runs in families
biological & psychological factors also
influence
if one identical twin is gay, there is a 50 -
65% chance that the other twin is also gay
compared to 22% of fraternal situations
autopsies found that a segment of the
brains hypothalamus was less than half the
size of a heterosexual
ATYPIC
AL
BEHAV
IOR
 ATYPICAL
BEHAVIOR

sexual behaviors which are unusual or

abnormal

sexual arousal involving a preference for

nongenital sexual outlets

patterns of sexual behavior or arousal that

appear problematic in the eyes of the
individual or society are called paraphilias
 PARAPHILIAS

involve sexual arousal in response to unusual

stimuli, such as children, nonconsenting
persons, nonhuman objects, or pain &
humiliation

are diagnosed when sexual fantasies, urges

or behaviors cause significant distress or
interfere with a persons ability to function in
everyday tasks
 PARAPHILIAS

include:
Fetishism Sadism
Partialism Masochism
Transvestism Zoophilia
Exhibitionis Necrophilia
m Nymphomania
Voyeurism Satyriasis
Frotteurism
 FETISHISM

when sexual arousal is

caused by an inanimate object

rubber
leather
silk
high-heeled shoes
panties
???
 PARTIALISM

related to fetishism; exaggerated

sexual arousal to a particular body
part

feet
buttocks
breasts
???
 TRANSVESTISM

when a person repeatedly cross-

dresses for sexual arousal or is
bothered by recurring urges to cross-
dress

most keep it a secret

ranges from one garment to many
almost always male
most are married
 EXHIBITIONISM
persistent, powerful urges &
sexual fantasies involving exposing ones
genitals to unsuspecting strangers for
sexual arousal of oneself

flashing
almost always male
usually begins between ages 13-16
most are not a physical threat
 VOYEURISM
strong, repetitive urges to watch
unsuspecting strangers who are
naked, undressing or having sex

almost always male

may masturbate during or after
usually begins before age 15
not usually violent
many lack social & sexual skills
 FROTTEURISM
recurring, powerful urges to rub
against or touch a nonconsenting
person

mashing
almost always male
buses, subways, elevators, concerts
many women do not realize it has
occurred
 OTHERS
SADISM
the desire or need to inflict pain or
humiliation on others for sexual arousal

MASOCHISM
the desire or need for pain or humiliation to
be inflicted on oneself for sexual arousal

TOGETHER, IT IS TERMED S&M

 OTHERS
ZOOPHILIA
repeated sexual urges & fantasies
involving sexual contact with animals
men farm animals
women household pets

NECROPHILIA
the desire for sexual activity with
corpses
 OTHERS
NYMPHOMANIA
an excessive sex drive or sexual
appetite in women that is insatiable

SATYRIASIS
an excessive sex drive or sexual
appetite in men that is insatiable
CONCEPTION
PREGNANCY
&
CHILDBIRTH
CONCEPTION
the union of a sperm & an egg
which normally occurs in a fallopian
tube

only 1 in 1000 sperm will reach

the egg
gravity
vaginal acidity
swimming against the current
CONCEPTION
about 2000 sperm get to the right
tube

sperm secretes an enzyme which

thins the outer layer of the egg,
allowing sperm to penetrate easier

once a sperm enters the egg, this

outer layer thickens, stopping other
PREGNANCY
missed period is not always the first
sign
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
as early as 8th day of pregnancy with
blood test, 3rd week with urine test
about one month after a missed period
a pelvic exam may show Hegars sign
(softness in the uterus)
PREGNANCY
about of women experience
morning sickness, which occurs
throughout the day
miscarriage can have many causes &
about occur within the first 16 weeks
normal gestation period is 280 days ~
find the date of the first day of the last
menstrual period & add nine months
PREGNANCY
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Germinal Stage - about the first 2

weeks

Embryonic Stage - about the first 2

months

Fetal Stage - until birth

 PREGNANCY
Germinal Stage

within 36 hours of conception, the cell

divides
divides repeatedly on way to uterus (3-4
days)
wanders about the uterus (another 3-4
days)
implants in the uterine wall (about 7
 PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage

from implantation to about 8th week

major organ systems begin to develop
development occurs from the head
downward & from the centre (spinal cord,
organs) outward
3rd week, head & blood vessels begin to
form
4th week, primitive heart begins to pump
PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage

AMNITOTIC SAC surrounded by a

clear membrane which contains amniotic
fluid to cushion the embryo from
movement & maintains a steady
temperature

PLACENTA allows exchange of

nutrients & waste between the mother &
 PREGNANCY
Fetal Stage

begins by the 9th week & continues to

birth
by end of 1st trimester, sex can be
determined visually, major organ systems,
fingers, toes & genitalia have all been
formed
mid-4th month, first fetal movements
 PREGNANCY
Environmental Influences

DIET malnourished pregnant women

during the 3rd trimester is linked to low
birth weight

TERATOGENS agents that can damage

an embryo or fetus (ex: narcotics, nicotine,
alcohol, aspirin, lead, mercury, radiation,
 CHILDBIRTH
a day or so before labor begins,
there may be a discharge of bloody mucus

1 in 10 women will have their water

break as the amniotic sac bursts
other signs of labor: indigestion,
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, backache
labor begins with onset of regular
contractions
 THREE STAGES
First Stage:

- cervix thins & widens, causing most of

the pain
- may last a couple of hours or over a day
- contractions become more frequent &
strong
- babys head begins to move into the
 THREE STAGES
Second Stage:

- begins when cervix is fully dilated & baby

begins to move into the vagina
- woman is taken to delivery room
- lasts a few minutes to a few hours
- crowning = when the head is visible
- ends with the birth of the baby
 THREE STAGES
Third Stage:

- lasts from a few minutes to over an hour

- begins with the placenta being expelled
- placenta detaches from wall of uterus
- physician sew up tears or episiotomy
(small incision to prevent tearing during
childbirth)
 METHODS
NATURAL
women use no anesthesia

GENERAL ANESTHESIA
drugs to put people to sleep & eliminate
pain

LOCAL ANESTHESIA
eliminates pain in a certain area of the
 METHODS
LAMAZE
women learn to relax & to breathe in
patterns that save energy & lesson pain

CESAREAN SECTION
fetus is delivered through a cut in the
abdomen
used when normal delivery difficult or
threatens the health of mom or baby
15% is medically appropriate (W.H.O)
 POSTPARTUM
following birth
during the days & weeks that follow
childbirth, 50-80% of mothers will feel sad,
irritable, depressed &/or tearful
Postpartum Depression = persistent &
severe mood changes (15% of new
mothers)
includes psychological factors such as
previous depression, stress, troubled
 FEEDING
Breast versus Bottle?

70% of women breast-feed for at least

the first three months
mothers who are older, married, more
educated & living in Western Canada
or Ontario are more likely to breast-feed
breast-feeding reduces risk of infections
to baby & reduces allergies in babies
no other significant differences you
 BIRTH
CONTROL
BIRTH CONTROL
1882 illegal to sell or advertise birth
control in Canada
1930s economic depression led to
desire to have small families & birth
control became available to married
women only
1950s condoms available in drug
stores but only as prevention of
contagious disease
 METHODS
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

the pill consisting of sex hormones

combination pill contains man-made
estrogen & progesterone
minipill contains man-made
progesterone, but no estrogen
effectiveness = 99.5% with perfect
use, 97% with typical use
 METHODS
COMBINATION PILL
taken for 21 days, then no pill or
placebo
fools brain into thinking the body is
already pregnant so no eggs mature or
are released

MINIPILL
taken every day
mucus in cervix thickens, therefore
 METHODS
MORNING AFTER PILL
have high doses of estrogen &
progesterone
most effective when taken within 72
hours
long-term health effects are not known

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs)

small objects of various shapes
inserted into the uterus by a doctor or
 METHODS
DIAPHRAGM
rubber cap or dome fitted to vagina and
coated with spermicide
inserted prior to sex as a barrier to
sperm

SPERMICIDES
chemicals that kill sperm
in form of jelly, foam, cream, gel,
suppository
 METHODS
CONDOMS
made of animal membrane or latex
barrier to sperm entering vagina
can help prevent the spread of AIDS
virus & other STDs
only contraceptive device worn by men
only latex are effective against AIDS
virus
not all STDs are protected against
and remember, pre-cum contains
SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS
 INFO
EDMONTON STD CENTRE 413-5156
11111 JASPER AVENUE
(GENERAL HOSPITAL)

CALGARY STD CLINIC 297-6562

TOLL FREE 1-800-772-2437

 PREVENTION
only sure way is to avoid sex
have only one partner (who is STD
free & has no other partners)
use condoms & other protection during
sex
enjoy risk-free activities (hugging,
massage)
do not have casual partners
do not share IV drug equipment
 CAUSES
caused by germs or organisms such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi & parasites
germs need a warm, dark, moist area
to live & grow such as in the genital
area
spread from person to person during
sexual intimacy (usually vaginal, anal or
oral sex)
 SYMPTOMS
many people DO NOT develop any
symptoms when they get a STI
they can still be affected & infect
others
some general symptoms include:
- unusual discharge
- burning pain when urinating
- itching & burning in genital area
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 BACTERIAL
one-celled microorganisms that cause
many diseases such as pneumonia, TB,
meningitis and:

CHLAMYDIA

GONORRHEA

SYPHILIS
 CHLAMYDIA
the most common bacterial STI in
Canada
more than 40,000 new cases a year
especially high among Canadians aged
15-24
transmitted through vaginal or anal sex
oral sex can infect the throat
infants can be infected at birth from an
infected mother (even by C-section)
 CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS:

men
clear mucous discharge from penis at
1-3 weeks after contact
discomfort or burning sensation in
urethra
50% of males might not develop any
symptoms at all
 CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS:

women
unusual vaginal discharge
irregular menstrual bleeding
discomfort during intercourse
80% of females might not develop
any symptoms at all
 CHLAMYDIA
COMPLICATIONS:

left untreated, can infect ovaries &

fallopian tubes, causing pelvic
inflammatory disease
can develop infections in prostate
gland & testicles
babies born to infected women can
develop eye infections or lung problems
 CHLAMYDIA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

uses the Abbott Testpack

women cervical smear (similar to Pap
smear)
men extract fluid using a swab inserted
into the opening of the penis
treated with antibiotics (other than
penicillin)
 GONORRHEA
the second most commonly reported
bacterial STI in Canada
more than 4500 new cases a year
especially high among Canadian
women aged 15-24
bacterial die outside the body in one
minute
transmitted through vaginal, oral or
anal sex, or from mother to newborn
 GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS:

men
discharge of pus from penis within a
week
mild to severe burning while
urinating
20% of males might not develop any
symptoms at all
 GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS:

women
unusual vaginal discharge
pain during urination
80% of females might not develop
any symptoms at all
 GONORRHEA
COMPLICATIONS:

left untreated, can infect ovaries &

fallopian tubes, causing pelvic
inflammatory disease
internal scarring & blockage of
fallopian tube can cause sterility, tubal
pregnancy or pain
can develop infection & pain in
 GONORRHEA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

clinical inspection & culture of

discharge
often occurs together with chlamydia &
is often treated together with
antibiotics
partners without symptoms should also
receive antibiotic treatment
 SYPHILIS
was declining until recently in Canada
may increase transmission of HIV
transmitted through direct contact with
a rash or sore during sex
if not treated, can have very serious
consequences
can be passed on to an unborn child
 SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:

same for men & women

occurs in three stages
First Stage:
in 9-90 days, a painless chancre
occurs at site of infection (up to the
size of a quarter)
chancre will heal within 2-4 weeks
 SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:
Second Stage:
lasts 2-6 weeks, after chancre appearance
occurs 2-6 months after initial contact
rash (resembling measles, or heat rash)
breaks out anywhere on body, even han
& feet
loss of appetite, fever, tiredness, hair loss
even when symptoms disappear, remains
very contagious at this stage
 SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:

Third Stage:
lasts from 2-40 years
even without obvious signs, the
germs continue to damage vital
organs
can cause blindness, deafness,
paralysis, brain & heart disease
 SYPHILIS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

a blood test detects presence of

antibodies
treated with penicillin or other
antibiotics
can be cured at any stage
earlier treatment reduces risk of serious
complications
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 VAGINAL
any kind of vaginal infection or
inflammation mostly caused by vaginal
organisms or sexually transmitted
infections:

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

CANDIDIASIS
 BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS (BV)

very common
caused by bacteria transmitted
sexually
is an imbalance or overgrowth of
bacteria
can be found in the male urethra but
no symptoms usually found
no evidence of benefit for treatment of
 BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS (BV)
SYMPTOMS IN FEMALE:

thin, watery discharge, gray in color

fishy smell

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

examination & tests using microscope
oral medication or vaginal cream
 CANDIDIASIS
yeast infection, thrush
caused by a fungus called Candida
overgrowth of yeast (often in healthy
women)
can be caused by:
- birth control pills
- tight clothing
- colored toilet paper (chemicals used to
color)
 CANDIDIASIS
SYMPTOMS:
curdy, white vaginal discharge
itching, redness in genital area

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

examination, swab test & use of
microscope
treated with vaginal creams, vaginal
suppositories or oral medication
 TRICHOMONIASIS

trick, caused by a one-celled animal

#1 STI in the world, but not in Canada
acquired during sexual intercourse with
an infected partner
parasite may survive several hours
outside the body (discharge on bedding,
towels)
can be picked up from a toilet seat if
direct contact is made
 TRICHOMONIASIS
SYMPTOMS:
usually occur 1-3 weeks after contact
females foul smelling, greenish or
yellowish discharge & itching
males usually no symptoms, but
sometimes a slight urethral discharge or
burning

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

examination, swab test & microscope
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 VIRAL
tiny particles of DNA that invade a
cell body & cause it to spread the
virus:
AIDS
HERPES
VIRAL HEPATITIS
GENITAL WARTS
 AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,
caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
HIV attacks & disables the immune
system
person is susceptible to infection,
cancer,
termed AIDS when system is beyond
repair

 AIDS
SYMPTOMS:
may be no symptoms
2-4 weeks after infection flu-like
symptoms
within 6 months of infection, blood
test +ve
eventually:
weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, dry
cough, diarrhea, swollen lymph glands,
 AIDS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
blood test for HIV antibodies
95% of test will be +ve after 3 months
full window period is 6 months
test is free & confidential at STD clinic
no vaccine to prevent HIV & no cure
variety of meds can improve health &
increase life expectancy
 HERPES
once you get it, its yours for life!
two types of viruses:
- herpes simplex type 1 oral herpes
- herpes simplex type 2 genital herpes
oral = cold sores & blisters on lips &
mouth
genital = sores & blisters on genitals
type 1 can occur on genitals & type 2 can
occur on the mouth
both can be passed with direct skin
 HERPES
SYMPTOMS:
usually occur within 1-3 weeks of
infection; can be months or never
may begin with a tingling or burning
sensation
fluid-filled blisters appear & soon break
open sores remain on the skin 2-4
weeks
female - vulva, anal opening, vaginal
walls
 HERPES
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & INFO:
examination & swab test to detect
after sores heal, virus becomes dormant
but is still contagious
protection is important at all times
can be triggered by stress, menstruation,
sexual activity, sunlight & fever
can be passed to newborn during
delivery
 HEPATITIS
inflammation of the liver
Hep A contact with infected fecal
matter (contaminated food from not
washing hands, oral-anal sexual
activity)
Hep B, C, D - contact with infected
saliva, blood (including menstrual),
mucus or semen through anal, vaginal
& oral sex, sharing needles, razors,
 HEPATITIS
Hep C in Canada 2000 cases per year
Hep A & B 1000 cases each per year
Hep D only occurs in presence of Hep
B
very low risk of contracting Hepatitis
through blood transfusion because of tight
testing
cannot be spread by casual contact
(hugging, shaking hands)
 HEPATITIS
SYMPTOMS:
may be no symptoms
usually develop slowly, 6-20 weeks
after exposure to the virus
Hep B symptoms tend to be more
severe & longer lasting
includes: jaundice, weakness, nausea,
loss of appetite, abdominal pain, whitish
bowel movements, vomiting, brownish
urine
 HEPATITIS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
detected by blood test
no cure for viral hepatitis
90% of people with Hep B will develop
immunity without treatment
10 % will develop cirrhosis or cancer of
liver
plenty of rest & fluids are important
vaccination available for Hep B & Hep D
NO vaccine for Hep A or Hep C
 GENITAL WARTS
caused by the human papilloma virus
(HPV)
HPV itself is harmless but can lead to
cancers in genital organs, particularly
cervical or penile cancer
20-33% of sexually active Canadian
women are infected
women are more susceptible because of
rapid cell division in cervix
 GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS:
may never be any symptoms
may appear within weeks or months
itchy bumps that vary in shape & size
flesh colored growths appearing
on or near the genital & anal area
on dry skin hard & yellow-gray color
moist areas soft, pink, cauliflower
shape
 GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS:
males usually on head & shaft of
penis, anal area or scrotum
females usually on external genitals,
anal area or inside vagina & cervix
some people do not know they have it
often appear for the first time during
pregnancy
 GENITAL WARTS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
visual examination using magnifier
Pap test for females (also screens for
cancer)
must be treated by a doctor
various treatments include:
- cryotherapy (freezing it with liquid
nitrogen)
- chemicals or creams applied to surface
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 PARASITIC
tiny parasites that live in or out of
the body

ectoparasites live on the outer

surface:

pubic lice (crabs)

scabies
 PUBIC LICE
tiny insects living on or near pubic hair
size of a pinhead
range in color from gray to reddish brown
may also be in hair of thigh, chest or
underarm
adult crabs lay eggs (nits) on hair
usually cannot be pulled or washed off
can live away from body for up to 2 days
can spread through body contact,
 PUBIC LICE
SYMPTOMS:
can be seen with naked eye
area becomes itchy from bites on skin
specks of blood may appear from bites
may have crabs 2-3 weeks before
noticing
will not result in serious complications
 PUBIC LICE
TREATMENT:
specific lotions or shampoos are
required & available without prescription
follow instructions for use carefully
all recently used bedding, towels,
clothing must be washed in HOT SOAPY
water
mattresses should be vacuumed &
disinfected
 SCABIES
very contagious skin condition caused
by an almost invisible insect
burrows under the skin to lay eggs
transmitted through sexual contact or
from infected bedding, clothing, towels
often found on hands, wrists, feet, genital
areas, buttocks & armpits
 SCABIES

SYMPTOMS:
itching (more at night)
red bumps, streaks or lines on skin
surface
may appear as a rash, sores, welts or
blisters
 SCABIES
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
must be diagnosed by a doctor
(rashes can occur for a variety of reasons)
small scraping of skin must be examined
under microscope to identify mites (too tiny
to see with the naked eye)
treat with medicated lotions (follow
directions)
wash all clothing, bedding & towels with
HOT SOAPY water
 SEXUAL
ASSAULT &
COERCION
 What is Sexual
Assault?
Any form of sexual contact without
voluntary consent
Can range from unwanted sexual
touching to sexual violence resulting in
serious physical injury
Often referred to as rape
Are assigned levels depending on the
seriousness of the assault
 Levels of Sexual
Assault
Level 1 Sexual Assault
Involves no physical injury or minor physical injury
Maximum sentence of 10 years
Level 2 Sexual Assault with a weapon, threats
to a third party or causing bodily harm.
Maximum sentence of 14 years
Level 3 Aggravated sexual assault
Involves wounding, maiming, disfigurement, or
endangering the victims life
Maximum sentence of life
 Incidence Rates

25 493 sexual assaults reported to the

police (1998)
About 1 every 15 minutes
97% of the reported cases were level 1
A national random telephone sample
reported twice as many sexual assaults,
many are simply unreported
 Statistics Canada
1998
85% of the victims of sexual assault
were female
60% of the victims were under the age
of 18
Male victims were even younger,
averaging age 11.
 Types of Sexual
Assault

Stranger sexual assault

Acquaintance sexual assault
Multiple perpetrators (gang rapes)
Sexual assault of men
Spousal sexual assault
Sexual assault by women
 Stranger Sexual
Assault
Committed by someone previously unknown
Often select victims who are vulnerable
Live alone, older or retarded, walking down deserted
streets, asleep or intoxicated.
Often try to find a safe place and time to
commit the assault
3% of women over the age of 18 have been
assaulted by a stranger
Women between the ages of 18 44 years were
the most likely to be attacked
Most assaults took place in public places
Street, bars or clubs, or in public buildings
 Acquaintance Sexual
Assault
Victims are more likely to be assaulted by
someone they know
Classmates, co-workers, family friends, etc.
Often do not perceive what happened as
sexual assault
Can happen in a dating situation
This most often involves intercourse
More likely to occur when the couple have
had too much to drink
 Multiple
Perpetrators
Men who participate in group sexual
assaults are trying to conform to the
stereotype of the tough, competent,
masculine he-man
Exercise of power is a major motive
although some may also be expressing
anger against women
Often each gang member may become
more aggressive as he takes his turn.
 Sexual Assault of Men

Prevalence is unknown
Estimates of 1 in 10 victims
More likely to be committed by
strangers, usually heterosexual men
Motives include domination and control,
revenge and retaliation, and gang status
and affiliation
 Spousal Sexual
Assault
8% of women reported being sexually
assaulted by their partner
Most often goes unreported
Motives vary, but include sex to dominate
their partner, degrade their partner,
within the context of marital violence, or
the solution to all marital disputes
Survivors are often fearful of serious
injury or death.
 Sexual Assault by
Women
Rare
Often involves aiding or abetting men
who are attacking another woman
May occur in gang attacks
Often aid in luring a woman into a safe
place for sexual assault or may hold the
woman down while the assault occurs
Women can also sexually assault men
May help in the sexual assault of men as
well
 Social Attitudes and
Myths

women say no when they mean yes

all women like a man who is pushy and
forceful
the way women dress, they are just
asking to be raped
rapists are crazed by sexual desire
women want to be forced to have sex
 Social Attitudes and
Myths
Create a social climate that legitimizes
sexual assault
Both men and women are suseptible
Are related to other social attitudes
gender-role stereotyping,
the perception of sex as adversarial
the acceptance of violence in interpersonal
relationships
 Psychological
Characteristics of Sex
Offenders

No single type of sex offender

Majority of sex offenders are in control of
their behaviour, and know that it is illegal.
Median age of sex offenders was 32 (1999)
Generally have less than a grade 12
education
Often report feeling socially inadequate
 Sex Offenders
Are more likely than other men to:
Condone sexual assault and violence against women
Hold traditional gender-role attitudes
Be sexually experienced
Be hostile toward women
Engage in sexual activity in order to express social
dominance
Be sexually aroused by depictions of sexual assault
Be irresponsible and lack a social conscience
Have peer groups, such as fraternities, that pressure
them into sexual activity
 Motives for Sexual
Assault

Three Basic Motives:

1. Anger
2. Power
3. Sadistic
 Anger Motive

Vicious, unplanned attack

Triggered by anger and resentment toward
women
Usually employ more force than is needed to
obtain compliance
Victim is often forced into performing degrading
and humiliating acts
Fellatio or anal intercourse
Perpetrator reports suffering humiliations at the
hands of women and used assault as revenge.
 Power Motive

Desire to control and dominate women is

primary motive
Sexual gratification is secondary motive
Is an attempt to resolve disturbing
doubts about his masculine identity and
worth, or to combat deep-seated feelings
of insecurity and vulnerability
Only enough force to subdue the woman
is used
 Sadistic Motive
Ritualized and savage attack
Carefully plan their assaults and use a
pretext to approach their targets, such as
asking directions or offering/requesting
assistance
Some bind, torture, or murder their victims.
Mutilation of victims is common.
Often preoccupied with violent pornography
Motivated by anger, power, or sadistic urges.
 If you are Sexually
Assaulted
Dont change anything about your body
Dont wash or even comb your hair
Strongly consider reporting the incident to police
You may prevent another woman from being assaulted
Ask a relative or friend to take you to a hospital if you
cant get an ambulance or police car
Seek help in an assertive way
Injuries you are unaware of my be detected. Insist on a written
or photographic record be made documenting the condition
Question health professionals
Ask about your biological risks
Ask what treatments are available
Ask for whatever help will make you comfortable
 Reducing the Risk of
Sexual Assault

Establish a set of signals with other women in

the building or neighbourhood
List yourself in the phone directory and mailbox
by first initials only
Use dead-bolt locks
Lock windows and install iron grids on first-floor
windows
Keep doorways and entries well lit
Keep your keys handy when approaching the
car or the front door
 Reducing the Risk of
Sexual Assault
Do not walk by yourself after dark
Avoid deserted areas
Do not allow strange men into your house or
apartment without first checking their credentials
Keep your car doors locked and windows up
Check out the back seat of your car before entering
Dont live in a risky building
Dont give rides to hitchhikers
Dont converse with strange men on the street
Shout FIRE! not RAPE!
 Adjustment for
Survivors of Sexual
Assault
Many survivors are extremely distraught for
days
Often report eating disorders, headaches,
irritability, mood changes, anxiety,
depression, menstrual irregularity.
May become withdrawn, sullen, and
mistrustful
Some may experience guilt or shame if
they feel partially to blame for the assault.
 Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
An anxiety disorder brought on by
exposure to a traumatic event
Often includes flashbacks, disturbing
dreams, emotional numbing, nervousness
May persist for years
 Rape Trauma
Syndrome
For several weeks after the attack, people
behave in a disorganized manner
May cry uncontrollably, experience feelings
of anger, shame, fear, and nervousness
Most people benefit from counseling
Long-term adjustment involves coming to
terms with feelings and being able to
remember the event without re-experiencing
it.
 Sexual Abuse of
Children
May range from exhibitionism, kissing,
fondling, sexual touching, oral sex and
anal or vaginal intercourse
Any sexual contact between an adult and
child is considered abusive because the
child is below age of consent
Voluntary sexual activity between children
of similar ages is not sexual abuse
 Patterns of Abuse

4 out of 5 children are abuse by relatives

or family friends or acquaintances
Average age of abuse is between 6-12
years old for girls, 7-10 years old for boys
Genital fondling is the most common type
of abuse
Abused children rarely report the abuse
Estimated that 90% of cases are not reported.
 Effects of Child
Sexual Abuse
Short and long-term effects include
anger, depression, anxiety, eating
disorders, inappropriate sexual
behaviour, self-destructive behaviour,
sexual promiscuity, drug abuse, suicide
attempts, PTSD, low self-esteem, sexual
dysfunction, mistrust of others, feelings
of detachment
 Effects of Child Sexual
Abuse

Abused children commonly act out

Late adolescence and early adulthood
seem to pose especially difficult periods
for survivors
Effects are often long-lasting
 Preventing Child
Sexual Abuse
Prevention programs
Teach children to understand what sexual abuse is
and how they can avoid it
Teach children to recognize good and bad touching
Encourage the child to talk about it
Teach children messages like Its not your fault, etc.
Remind the child they and their families will be
safe
Threats are often used to get the child not to tell
anyone about the abuse.
ADULTS ARE LEGALLY OBLIGATED TO REPORT
SUSPECTED ABUSE TO AUTHORITIES
 Sexual Harassment

Any sexually oriented conduct physical,

verbal, or by innuendo that is a
condition of employment, interferes with
job performance, or creates a hostile or
offensive work environment.
Can be committed by men or women
 Sexual Harassment

May have more to do with the abuse of

power than with sexual desire
The harasser is often in a dominant
position and abuses that position by
exploiting the victims vulnerability.
 Resisting Sexual
Harassment

1. Familiarize yourself with your employers policy on

sexual harassment
2. Convey a professional attitude
3. Discourage harassing behaviour, and encourage
appropriate behaviour
4. Avoid being alone with the harasser
5. Maintain a record
6. Talk with the harasser
7. Write a letter to the harasser
8. Seek support
9. File a complaint
10. Seek legal remedies
 Where can you get
help?
Planned Parenthood Edmonton
#50 9912-106 St ..(780) 423-3737
Pregnancy tests and pregnancy options (pro-
choice)
Referrals to health care services
Doctors, counseling, contraception, fertility, parenting
programs, pregnancy resources for men and women
Phone line to answer any questions about sex you
have!
 Where can you get
help?
Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton
#205 14964-121A Ave
24 hour crisis line: (780) 423-4121
Business line: (780) 423-4102
Free public education
24 hour crisis line
Crisis intervention
Short-term counseling
Numerous support groups for adults, youth,
and children
 Where can you get
help?

Child Abuse Hot Line 1-800-387-5437

To report suspected cases of child abuse

Can also call the police or child welfare to

report suspected cases of child abuse
(physical, emotional or sexual)
 Where can you get
help?
If you dont know or cant remember where to
go
Call Capital Health Link (780) 408-
LINK(5465)
For sexual assaults or suspected child abuse
call the police: (780) 423-2567
In here? Talk to your caseworker,
psychology, or a guard. Information is
always available, just ask!
The
End