Basic Block Diagram of Op-Amp

An Op-Amp can be conveniently divided in to four main blocks

.
1 An Input Stage or Input Diff. Amp.
.
2 The Gain Stage
.
3 The Level Translator
.
4 An Out put Stage
Note: It can be used to perform various mathematical operations such
as Addition, Subtraction, Integration, Differentiation, log etc.

V1 Out put
Gain Stage Level
Input Stage VO
I/ P (C S S
(Diff. Amp.) t
V2 E h
i a
A g
m f
t e
p.
) e Op-Amp IC(
r B
u
ff
e
r)
 An IDEAL OP AMP

An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:

1. Infinite open-loop voltage gain, AV .
2. Infinite input resistance, Ri .
3. Zero output resistance, Ro 0.
4. Infinite CMRR, =
5. The output voltage Vo=0; when Vd = V2-V1 = 0
6. Change of output with respect to input, slew rate =
7. Change in out put voltage with Temp., Vo/Vi=0
An Electrical Representation of Op Amp.
 The Operational Amplifier
+VS

i(-) _
Inverting
RO
vid A Output
Ri
vO = AdVid
Noninverting
i(+) +

-VS
i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and non-inverting lines
respectively
vid : The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs
+VS , -VS : DC source voltages, usually +15V and 15V
Ri : The input resistance, ideally infinity
A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x10 10 range.
RO: The output resistance, ideally zero
vO: The output voltage; vO = AOLvid where AOL is the open-loop voltage gain
 Operational Amplifier Model

An operational amplifier circuit is designed so that

1) Vout = Av (V1-V2) (Av is a very large gain)
2) Input resistance (Rin) is very large
3) Output resistance (Rout) is very low

V1
Rout Vout
Rin
+ Av(V1- V2)
-
V2
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits

These Op-amp circuits are commonly used:

Inverting Amplifier

Noninverting Amplifier

Unity Follower

Summing Amplifier

Integrator

Differentiator
 InvertingOpAmp
Slide 7

Rf
Vo V1
R1
 NoninvertingAmplifier

Rf
Vo (1 ) V1
R1

NoticetheoutputformulaissimilartoInvertingAmplifier,buttheyarenotthesame.
 SummingAmplifier

Becausetheopamphasahighinputimpedancethemultipleinputsaretreatedasseparateinputs.
Rf Rf Rf
Vo V1 V2 V3
R1 R2 R3
SummingAmplifier
 Inverting Amplifier: Input and
Output Resistances
Rout is found by applying a test current
(or voltage) source to the
amplifier output and
determining the voltage (or
current) after turning off all
independent
vo i R sources.
i R Hence,
vs = 0 2 2 11
But i1=i2
vo i (R R )
1 2 1
vs
R R sincev 0 Since v- = 0, i1=0. Therefore vo
in i 1
s = 0 irrespective of the
value
Routof io0.

 Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp

I/P Current to op amp is zero

v v

v1 v
i1
R1
v v0
i1
R2
v1 v v v0

R2 R1 R2
v v2
R1 R2 R2 R2
v1 v2 v2 v0
R1 R2 R R2
1
R1 R2
 Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp
R2 R2
v1 v2 v2 v0
R1 R2 R1 R2

R1 R2

R2 R2 R22
v0 v1 v2 v2
R1 R1 R2 R1 R1 R2

R2 R2 R2
v0 v1 1 v2
R1 R1 R2 R1

R2
v0 v2 v1
R1
The Unity-Gain Amplifier or Buffer

This is a special case of the non-inverting amplifier, which is also

called a voltage follower, with infinite R1 and zero R2.
Hence Av = 1.
It provides an excellent electrical isolation while maintaining the
signal voltage level.
The ideal buffer requires no input current and can drive any
desired load resistance without loss of signal voltage.
Such a buffer is used in many sensor and data acquisition system
applications.
 Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain

vo
AF
vi
vi v v vo
vi v v vo
v
AF o 1
vi
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance (resistance) to
a low output impedance. Can provide substantial current gain.
Op-Amp Integrator
 Op-Amp Integrator Cont
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

v in
i1
R
dv
i2 C o
dt
Applying KCL at the inverting input

i1+i2 = 0

dv o v in
C 0
dt R
1
vo
RC v in dt v o (initial)
Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit
 Op-Amp Differentiator Cont
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

dv in
i1 C
dt
vo
i2
R
Applying KCL at the inverting input
i1+i2 = 0

dv in v o
C 0
dt R
dv in
v o RC
dt
Differentiators are avoided in practice as they amplify noise
 Instrumentation Amplifier
R
vo 4 (va v )
R b
3
va iR i(2R ) iR v
2 1 2 b
v v
NOTE i 1 2
2R
1
R R
vo 4 1 2 (v v )
R R 1 2
3 1

Combines 2 non-inverting amplifiers Ideal input resistance is infinite

with the difference amplifier to because input current to
provide higher gain and both op amps is zero.
higher input resistance. The CMRR is
Gain can be varied by varying single determined only by Op
resistor R1 Amp 3.
 Finite Open-loop Gain and Gain Error

vo Av A(vs v ) A(vs vo )
id 1
vo A
Av
v s 1 A

1 R
Av 1 2
R
R 1
v 1 v v
1 R R o o This is the ideal voltage gain
1 2 of the amplifier. If A
R is not >>1, there will be
1
is called the Gain Error.
R R
1 2 feedbac
k factor.
 Gain Error is given by
GE = (ideal gain) - (actual gain)
For the non-inverting amplifier,
1 A 1
GE
1 A (1 A )
Gain error is also expressed as a
fractional or percentage error.
1 A

FGE 1 A
1 1

1 1 A A

1
PGE 100%
A
 Output Voltage and Current Limits
Practical op amps have limited
output voltage and current
ranges.
Voltage: Usually limited to a few
volts less than power supply
span.
Current: Limited by additional
circuits (to limit power
dissipation or protect against
accidental short circuits).
vo vo vo
The current limit is frequently io i i
L F R R R
R
specified in terms of the L 2 1 EQ
minimum load resistance that R R (R R )
the amplifier can drive with a EQ L 1 2
given output voltage 5Vswing. For the inverting amplifier,
Eg: io 10mA
500 R R R
EQ L 2
Bistable