A force is a push or pull that causes an object to
move, stop, to change direction or to change in
shape and size.
In physics a force is anything that makes an object
accelerate Forces come in pairs Forces have a magnitude and a direction
Magnitude: 5N 5N, north (up) Direction: north (up) Forces occur in pairs and they can be either balanced or unbalanced Balanced forces do not cause change in motion They are equal in size and opposite in direction An unbalanced force always causes a change in motion
When unbalanced forces act in opposite
directions you can find the net force Net force Magnitude The difference between the two forces
Direction Direction of the largest force 3 N, right , 6 N, left = 3N, left 4 N, left , 10 N, right = 6N, right 5 N, right + 10 N, right = 15N, right What did Hooke discover ?
the more force that was put on materials the
more they extended With some materials they also extended in a regular way eg if the force was doubled so did the extension this was true as long as their elastic limit was not exceeded What does this mean? What the graph shows Extension (m) Breakage Extension proportional to Elastic Force. Straight line graph. Limit Object will return to original shape. (Elastic) Ext not proportional to Force. Object will not return to original shape. (Not Elastic). Force (Newtons) What is the elastic limit? The material no longer shows elastic behaviour (ie does not return to original size when stretching force is removed) The material is permanently deformed ie is larger or longer than originally The material is weaker as the above effects are caused by fracture of some atomic bonds
F x Since Force is proportional to extension Hookes Law could be put as
Where F is the applied force in Newtons
x is the extension in metres
Or if k is the proportionality constant
F=kx What does k mean in F=kx?
k is called the spring constant and is a measure of
the stiffness of the spring or material It has units of Nm-1 (newtons per metre) The higher the k the stiffer the spring Materials with a high k need a large force to for a given extension adding springs in series or parallel changes k When an object undergoes circular motion it must experience a centripetal force This produces an acceleration
towards the centre of the circle
BWH 10/04 AQA 13.3.1-6 18
Angular Centripetal Speed Force
BWH 10/04 AQA 13.3.1-6 19
BWH 10/04 AQA 13.3.1-6 20 BWH 10/04 AQA 13.3.1-6 21 BWH 10/04 AQA 13.3.1-6 22 Objects in motion tend to remain in motion, at the same rate, And in the same direction, unless acted on by an outside force
Newtons First Law tells us that only a force
can cause a body to move out of a straight line path. In circular motion the direction of the body is continually changing at every instant. Therefore a force must be acting. That force is called centripetal (central) force since it acts toward the circle of the circular path.
ALL CIRCULAR MOTION REQUIRES A
CENTRIPETAL FORCE, OTHERWISE THE BODY CONTINUES IN A STRAIGHT LINE PATH. All circular motion requires a centripetal force. Newtons Second Law of Motion tells us that force equal mass times acceleration. Therefore, centripetal force must produce an acceleration (centripetal acceleration). Since the force acts towards the center of the circular path, the acceleration must also be towards the center !
ALL CIRCULAR MOTION IS ACCELERATED
MOTION. THE ACCELERATION IS ALWAYS TOWARDS THE CENTER OF THE CIRCULAR PATH. The velocity vector is always tangential to the circular path The acceleration vector is always towards the center of the circular path Vectors and Scalars
A vector has magnitude as
well as direction. Some vector quantities: displacement, velocity, force, momentum A scalar has only a magnitude. Some scalar quantities: mass, time, temperature Scalars and Vectors No direction
vectors scalars
Magnitude (size) Magnitude and direction
temperature mass velocity
force acceleration speed Scalar: Length ,area ,volume , speed, mass , density, pressure , temperature, energy entropy , work ,power etc.
dimension, simple addition and subtraction are all that is needed. You do need to be careful about the signs, as the figure indicates. Addition of Vectors If the motion is in two dimensions, the situation is somewhat more complicated. Here, the actual travel paths are at right angles to one another; we can find the displacement by using the Pythagorean Theorem. Addition of Vectors Adding the vectors in the opposite order gives the same result: Determine the magnitude of the resultant vector. A] R2 = (5)2 + (10)2 R2 = 125 R = SQRT (125) R = 11.2 km
B]
R2 = (30)2 + (40)2 R2 = 2500 R = SQRT (2500) R = 50 km Addition of Vectors The parallelogram method. Adding Vectors by Components
Any vector can be expressed as the sum
of two other vectors, which are called its components. Usually the other vectors are chosen so that they are perpendicular to each other. Adding Vectors by Components
Remember: soh cah toa
If the components are
perpendicular, they can be found using trigonometric functions. 1. Arya recently submitted her vector addition homework assignment. As seen below, Arya added two vectors and drew the resultant. However, Arya failed to label the resultant on the diagram. For each case, what is the resultant (A, B, or C)? Explain. Diagram A: A is the resultant of B + C. Arya added B + C using the head-to-tail method and then drew the resultant from the tail of the first vector (B) to the head of the last vector (C).
Diagram B: A is the resultant of C + B. Arya added B + C
using the head-to-tail method and then drew the resultant from the tail of the first vector (C) to the head of the last vector (B). 2. On two different occasions during a high school soccer game, the ball was kicked simultaneously by players on opposing teams. In which case (Case 1 or Case 2) does the ball undergo the greatest acceleration? Explain your answer.
Even though the individual forces are greater in Case 1, the net force is greatest in Case 2. Acceleration depends on the net force; it is not dependent on the size of the individual forces. Calculate the resultant vector. . 38.2
