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Learning Objective
Describe electrostatics and the concept of
charge, including digital sensors.
Recommended Vocabulary for this unit:
-
- - electrons
-
+ +
-
neutral neutron
+
+ +
- + + -
-
+ protons
HOW DO ATOMS BECOME
CHARGED?
Atoms become charged when they become more positive or more
negative.
How can this happen?
- -
-
-
+ +
+
+ +
- + + -
-
STRUCTURE OF MATTER
-
-
-
-
+ +
+
+ +
- + + -
-
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING OBJECTS
+ - + - + -
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -
neutral object
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING OBJECTS
+ - + - +
-
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -
positive object
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING OBJECTS
+ - + - + -
-
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -
negative object
INSULATORS ,CONDUCTORS AND
SEMICONDUCTORS
Different materials hold electrons differently.
Insulators dont let electrons move /flow
around within the material freely.
Ex. Cloth, Plastic, Glass, Dry Air, Wood, Rubber
+
-
-
SILK
Glass Rod
SILK
+ -
Glass Rod
SILK
+ -
+ -
Glass Rod
+ SILK
+ - - -
+
+ - -
+
Glass Rod
+ +
positive or neutral
negative
positive
TRY THIS
+- + +-+-
+ +-
+- + +-+-
+ +- +-+-
STEPS IN CHARGING AN
ELECTROSCOPE BY INDUCTION:
1. Uncharged electroscope:
+
-
+
- Leaves are just
+
- hanging straight down.
Net charge is zero.
++
- -
++
- -
++
- -
The diagram below shows the initial
charges and positions of three metal
spheres, R, S, and T, on insulating stands.
R S T
0e -8e +6e
Sphere R is brought into contact with sphere S and then removed. Then
sphere S is brought into contact with sphere T and removed. What is the
charge on sphere T after this procedure is completed?
When the spheres come in contact the charge will be
distributed evenly between both spheres.
R S T
-4e
0e -4e
-8e +6e
R S T
-4e +e
-4e
0e +6e
+
-8e
e
-4e + 6e = +2e = +e
2 2
NOTE THAT THE CHARGE OF THE SYSTEM
IS CONSERVED- THE INITIAL CHARGE IS
THE SAME AS THE FINAL CHARGE.
R S T
-4e +e +e
-4e + e + e = -2e
How Lightning
Works
Lightning transfers electrons from the atmosphere to Earth.
The negative charges in the clouds push the negative charges in the ground away
leaving positive charges on the surface (Charging by induction).
Once enough negative charge builds up in a cloud, it repels so strongly (second Law of
Electric Charges) that it jumps through the air (an insulator) and strikes the positively
charged ground or the nearest object (first Law of Electric Charges).
LIGHTNING
Lightning is a
REALLY big shock.
Positive charges
tend to go up,
negative charges
tend to go down.
When the attraction
reaches a critical
level you get a
lightning bolt.
Lightning Rods
This figure shows how a lightning
rod can protect a house from a
lightning strike.
About
100,000 or 150,000 volts
What is a Van de Graff Generator?
The basic fundamental principle behind this
apparatus is separating opposite charges at
both ends of the rubber belt
Here is a
bigger
Van de
Graaff
generator
An even
bigger one!
A giant Van de Graaff generator
The biggest--25 Million Volts
Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee
Here is a
bigger
Van de
Graaff
generator
An even
bigger one!
A giant Van de Graaff generator
The biggest--25 Million Volts
Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee