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Learning Objective
Describe electrostatics and the concept of
charge, including digital sensors.
Recommended Vocabulary for this unit:

Electrostatic charge positive negative insulator


attraction repulsion
STRUCTURE OF MATTER

-
- - electrons
-

+ +
-
neutral neutron
+
+ +
- + + -

-
+ protons
HOW DO ATOMS BECOME
CHARGED?
Atoms become charged when they become more positive or more
negative.
How can this happen?

Remove or add a proton or an electron.

Protons and neutrons are bound together


by the Strong Nuclear Force and it is very
hard to separate them.

Electrons, however, can be more easily removed


STRUCTURE OF MATTER

- -
-
-
+ +
+
+ +
- + + -

-
STRUCTURE OF MATTER

-
-
-
-
+ +
+
+ +
- + + -

-
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING OBJECTS

+ - + - + -
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -

neutral object
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING OBJECTS

+ - + - +
-
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -

positive object
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING OBJECTS

+ - + - + -
-
- + - + - +
+ - + - + -

negative object
INSULATORS ,CONDUCTORS AND
SEMICONDUCTORS
Different materials hold electrons differently.
Insulators dont let electrons move /flow
around within the material freely.
Ex. Cloth, Plastic, Glass, Dry Air, Wood, Rubber

Conductors do let electrons move/flow


around within the material freely.
Ex. Metals- Silver, Copper, Aluminum

A semiconductor is a material which has electrical


conductivity between that of a conductor such as copper
and an insulator such as glass. The conductivity of a
semiconductor increases with increasing temperature
Ex germanium, silicon
ELECTRON MODEL TO DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND
INSULATORS
ANY CHARGED OBJECT, WHETHER POSITIVELY
CHARGED OR NEGATIVELY CHARGED, WILL HAVE AN
ATTRACTIVE INTERACTION WITH A NEUTRAL OBJECT.

+
-
-

A balloon when rubbed on your That same balloon, because it is


head becomes charged by picking charged, will attract a neutral
up extra electrons from your hair. object like pieces of paper.
WHY DOES THE BALLOON STICK
TO THE WALL?
When a balloon is
rubbed with a piece
of cloth electrons
are transferred
between the two
objects. Usually the
balloon attracts
extra electrons and
then receives an
overall negative
charge.
When the balloon is placed against the wall the excess
electrons will repel the electrons in the wall and be attracted
to the positive charges.
GETTING SHOCKED

As you walk across a carpet, electrons


are transferred from the rug to you.
Now you have extra electrons.
Touch a door knob (conductor) and
ZAP!
The electrons move from you to the
knob.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

Charges within a closed system


may be transferred from one
object to another, but charge is
neither created nor destroyed.
Electric Charge

The Transfer of Charge

SILK

Glass Rod

Some materials attract electrons


more than others.
Electric Charge

The Transfer of Charge

SILK
+ -

Glass Rod

As the glass rod is rubbed against silk,


electrons are pulled off the glass onto the silk.
Electric Charge

The Transfer of Charge

SILK
+ -
+ -
Glass Rod

Usually matter is charge neutral, because the number of


electrons and protons are equal. But here the silk has an
excess of electrons and the rod a deficit.
ELECTRIC CHARGE

The Transfer of Charge

+ SILK
+ - - -
+
+ - -
+
Glass Rod

Glass and silk are insulators:


charges stuck on them stay put.
Electric Charge

+ +

Two positively charged rods


repel each other.
WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR HAIR
WHEN YOU RUB A BALLOON ON
YOUR HEAD?
The balloon, after being
rubbed and then pulled
away, removes some of
the electrons in your hair
which give each strand a
positive charge. Like
charges want to repel
and each strand is
repelling from the others
and sticking up.
SO WE ARE ABLE TO PREDICT THE
CHARGE ON OBJECTS BASED ON THEIR
INTERACTION WITH OTHER OBJECTS.

They can either both be They can have opposite


positive or both be negative. charges or one object
is charged and the other
is neutral.
TRY THIS

On two occasions, the following charge interactions


between balloons A, B and C are observed. In
each case, it is known that balloon B is charged
negatively. Based on these observations, what
can you conclude about the charge on balloon A
and C for each situation.

positive or neutral

negative

positive (if it was neutral it wouldnt repel C)

positive
TRY THIS

A charged plastic rod is brought close a


neutral metal sphere. How would the
distribution of charges be in the metal
sphere?
TRY THIS

Which of the diagrams below best represents


the charge distribution on a metal sphere
when a positively charged plastic tube is
placed nearby?
ELECTROSCOPES- INSTRUMENTS
USED TO DETECT CHARGE

The yellow arms or leaves on both instruments will


move to show the charge.
Charged Electroscope Uncharged Electroscope
xcess of the same charge in both leaves Leaves are neutral so they are not
causes them to diverge/repel, diverging/repelling or converging/attractin

+- + +-+-
+ +-
+- + +-+-
+ +- +-+-
STEPS IN CHARGING AN
ELECTROSCOPE BY INDUCTION:
1. Uncharged electroscope:

+
-
+
- Leaves are just
+
- hanging straight down.
Net charge is zero.
++
- -
++
- -
++
- -
The diagram below shows the initial
charges and positions of three metal
spheres, R, S, and T, on insulating stands.
R S T

0e -8e +6e

Note that the net


charge of the
system is -2e.

Sphere R is brought into contact with sphere S and then removed. Then
sphere S is brought into contact with sphere T and removed. What is the
charge on sphere T after this procedure is completed?
When the spheres come in contact the charge will be
distributed evenly between both spheres.

R S T

-4e
0e -4e
-8e +6e
R S T

-4e +e
-4e
0e +6e
+
-8e
e

-4e + 6e = +2e = +e
2 2
NOTE THAT THE CHARGE OF THE SYSTEM
IS CONSERVED- THE INITIAL CHARGE IS
THE SAME AS THE FINAL CHARGE.
R S T

-4e +e +e

-4e + e + e = -2e
How Lightning
Works
Lightning transfers electrons from the atmosphere to Earth.

Electrons build up in clouds because wind causes them to rub


together (Charging by friction).

The negative charges in the clouds push the negative charges in the ground away
leaving positive charges on the surface (Charging by induction).

Once enough negative charge builds up in a cloud, it repels so strongly (second Law of
Electric Charges) that it jumps through the air (an insulator) and strikes the positively
charged ground or the nearest object (first Law of Electric Charges).
LIGHTNING

Lightning is a
REALLY big shock.
Positive charges
tend to go up,
negative charges
tend to go down.
When the attraction
reaches a critical
level you get a
lightning bolt.
Lightning Rods
This figure shows how a lightning
rod can protect a house from a
lightning strike.

A metal rod is attached to the


highest part of the building. A
conductor is connected from the
metal rod to a metal plate in the
ground.

If lightning strikes the rod, the


conductor carries the negative
charges safely into the ground.
triboelectric
series
+
Rabbit's Fur
Glass
Human Hair
Nylon
Wool
Cat's Fur
Silk
Aluminum
Paper
Cotton
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Rubber balloon
Hard rubber
Polyester
Polyurethane
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Vinyl
Teflon
Saran Wrap
PVC
Van de Graaff
Born 1901
Invented static
electricity generator in
1929

This is the generator we


will use today

About
100,000 or 150,000 volts
What is a Van de Graff Generator?
The basic fundamental principle behind this
apparatus is separating opposite charges at
both ends of the rubber belt
Here is a
bigger
Van de
Graaff
generator
An even
bigger one!
A giant Van de Graaff generator
The biggest--25 Million Volts
Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee
Here is a
bigger
Van de
Graaff
generator
An even
bigger one!
A giant Van de Graaff generator
The biggest--25 Million Volts
Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee

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