EET301/4 Power System Engineering

Chapter 4
Distribution
System

1
 Course Outcome

Ability to explain and calculate load

characteristics and distribution
system components in power system

2
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Subtransmission and Distribution
Subtransmission System
Distribution System
Distribution Substation
Primary Distribution Circuit
Secondary System

3
Introduction

The primary aim of the electricity supply is to meet the

customers demands for energy.
An electricity supply system contains three (3) different
function .
Power generation is carried out whether it gives the
most overall economic selling cost.
The transmission system is used to transfer large
amounts of energy from the main generation areas to
major load centre's.
Distribution systems carry the energy to the furthest
customer, utilizing the most appropriate voltage level.

4
Introduction

The function of an electricity distribution is to

deliver electrical energy from the transmission
substations or small generating stations to
each customer, transforming to a suitable
voltage where necessary.
The figure illustrates the interrelation of the
various networks. The figure indicates the
voltage ranges in general use on the different
networks from LV, through MV and HV, to
EHV.
In some countries an additional HV or MV
voltage level is present, often for historical or
geographical reasons.
5
Introduction

The HV networks are supplied from

EHV/HV substations which themselves are
supplied by inter-regional EHV lines.
HV/MV transforming substations situated
around each HV network supply individual
MV networks.
The HV and MV networks provides supplies
direct to large customers, but the vast
majority of customers are connected at LV
and supplied via MV/LV distribution
substations and their associated LV
networks.

6
Subtransmission and Distribution

Modern supply system networks is divided into three

hierarchical level of transmission and distribution

1. Back-bone or Main Transmission

Network (EHV-AC)
2. Subtransmission Network (HV-
AC)
3. Distribution Network (MV-AC,
LV-AC)

7
 Subtransmission and Distribution

Functions of Subtransmission and Distribution

Level Title Function Remarks
Subtransmission -To receive power from -Less meshed
Network the back-bone network -More radial lines
(Underlying below the and some local power -Generally at high
back bone network) stations voltage (HV) AC (36-
- To deliver power to 300kV) r.m.s., phase to
distribution system via phase
HV transmission line
Distribution Network -To receive power from -Medium voltage (MV)
-Primary Circuits the Subtransmission AC (1-36kV) and low
-Distribution Transformer network voltage (LV) AC (415ph
-Secondary Circuits -To deliver power to to ph, 240Vph to
consumer neutral)
-Metering and cash -A few distribution
collection substations, several
primary circuits, dist.
transformer and
secondary circuits. 8
Nominal Voltage Levels in Transmission and
Distribution Systems
Three phase, 50 Hz systems are universally used for
generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power.
The voltage are step up at generating station for purpose of
long distance high power transmission.
The voltage are step down in receiving substations for
subtransmission.
The voltage are further step down in distribution substations
and finally near load points for final utilization
Thus, the entire power system network has several AC voltage
levels obtained by means of power transformer located in
substations and distribution systems voltage levels are
standardized.

9
Nominal Voltage Levels in Transmission and
Distribution Systems
References Values of Nominal Voltage Levels and Nominal
System Voltages
Nominal Voltage of 3- 400 kV Transmission
phase, EHV
AC Systems at 50Hz, 220 kV HV
132 kV HV
phase to phase kV, rms
66 kV HV
220 kV HV Subtransmission
132 kV HV
66 KV HV
33 kV MV Distribution
22 kV MV Primary Circuits
15 kV MV and
11 kV MV
Direct Feeders To
6.6 kV MV
3.3 kV MV Large Consumers
3-Phase,AC, 50 Hz phase to 415 V LV Distribution
phase, Secondaries and
and 240 V LV Service to 10
 Nominal Voltage Levels in Transmission and
Distribution Systems

Voltage levels:
(1) Generator voltage (6.6kV to 22 kV, 3phase AC, 50 HC
(2) Main transmission voltage (400kV or 220kV)
Transformers / Feeders
(3) Subtransmission voltage ( 220kV/132 kV/66kV/33kV)
(A)Step-up transformer in generating station
(4) Primary distribution voltage
(B)Step-down transformer in receiving
(33kV/22kV/15kV/11kV/6.6kV/3.3kV
substation
(5) , (6) Secondary distribution voltage (415V, 3phase, 240,
(C)Step-down transformer in distribution
1phase)
substation
(D)Small distribution transformer in
distribution system 11
(E)H.T. Feeder to industry
Main Intake Substation

12
Main Distribution Substation

13
Distribution Substation

14
Subtransmission System

The subtransmission systems are considered to be part of

the distribution system.
They received power from bulk power system and deliver
power to the distribution system.
The distribution system delivers power to various LT and
HT consumers and collect payments.
The system generally, at 3 phase, 3 wire, 50Hz overhead
transmission system with neutral earthed, normally
voltage between 36-220kV are preferred, however it
varies for different countries.

15
The Distribution
System
EHV/HV/MV/LV
Network Arrangements

Generator

Transformer

Circuit Breaker

Disconnector

Feeder

Fuse

LV Customer

16
The Distribution System

The consumers receive power from the distribution

system. The main parts of the distribution system
include:
Receiving substations in the bulk power transmission
system, include sub-transmission lines
Distribution substations located near the distribution
area
Primary circuits feeding distribution transformers
Distribution transformer located near load area
Secondary circuits on LV side of distribution
transformers
Service mains and service connection to consumers
17
The Distribution System

Objectives of Distribution Systems

The distribution system management aims at the
following:
Planning, modernization and automation
To provide service connections to various urban, rural
and industrial consumers in the allocated area
Maximum security of supply and minimum duration
interruptions
Safety of consumers, utility personal
Collection of energy payments

18
The Distribution System

Objectives of Distribution Systems (Cont.)

The distribution system management aims at the
following (cont.):
To provide electricity of accepted quality in terms of:-
Balanced 3 phase AC supply
Good power factor
Steady state voltage with permissible limits of variation
Pure sinusoidal voltage waveform
Minimum interruptions (numbers & duration) in power
supply
Voltage dips within permissible limits
No lamp flicker (voltage flicker)
19
Distribution Substation

Distribution Substations
Distribution substation (DS) have a step down power
transformers, a few incoming HV subtransmission line
and several outgoing MV overhead lines or underground
cables.
DS have several equipment from switching, protection,
metering, voltage control, communication, power factor
corrector and so on.
DSs are located in the load area and the outgoing
overhead lines or underground cables from DS feed the
primary side of distribution transformer and therefore
called primary distribution circuit.
20
Distribution Transformer

Distribution transformer are used to reduce the primary

system voltages (e.g. 22 kV) to the utilization/customer
voltage (e.g. 415/240 V)
The distribution transformers are generally 3-phase AC
power transformer of rating up to 100kVA or 500kVA.
Primary distribution circuits (33kV to 11kV 3-phase, 3
wire AC) on primary side of the distribution
transformers.
The secondary circuits (at 415, 3 phase, 4-wire, 50 Hz)
are on the secondary side of distribution transformer.

21
Distribution Transformer

Types of Distribution transformer

The two commonly used types of distribution
transformers are
1. Mineral oil-filled 2. Cast iron (dry type
transformer) transformer)

22
Distribution Transformer

Types of Distribution transformer

Mineral oil-filled transformers are cheaper than other types of
transformer. Unfortunately, the mineral oil is flammable (a
substance that can be burned to provide heat or power).
This type of transformers is normally installed at the ground
level. The transformer room must have a direct access to the
outside of the building.
Silicon filled transformers can be used in place of mineral oil-filled
transformer. Silicon is not flammable, but unfortunately, the cost of
silicon is high. The construction is same as that for mineral oil-filled
transformers.
Cast resin transformer are expensive. The cast resin is flame
retarding, i.e., it does not support combustion. They are used
extensively in high rise buildings.
23
Distribution Transformer

Principles Components
The principles components of a transformer are:
a) A magnetic core
The core is constructed of sheet steel laminations
the laminations are insulated to keep the iron losses
low.

24
Distribution Transformer

Principles Components
The principles components of a transformer are (cont.):
b) The windings
The windings are wound on round formers. The secondary
windings are first inserted onto the core. The primary
windings are then inserted over the secondary windings.
The two windings are kept apart by insulator

25
Distribution Transformer

Principles Components
The principles components of a transformer are (cont.):
c) The casing or tank
i. Mineral (or liquid) filled transformer
A steel tan is used for housing the transformer. The
completed assembly is placed in the tank and bolted into
position. The tank is then filled with mineral oil. Fins (or
radiators) at the side of the tank improves the cooling of the
transformer.

Mineral oil-filled
Transformer(Hermetically
sealed type)

26
Distribution Transformer

Principles Components
The principles components of a transformer are (cont.):
c) The casing or tank
ii. Cast resin transformer
Each winding of cast resin transformer is impregnated with
synthetic resin before assembly. The cast resin transformer
must be placed in a room or in a closure. The enclosure can
be made of wire mesh or sheet steel.
The type of enclosure will depend on the environment in
which the transformer is insulated. The enclosure must be
bonded to the main earthing bar of the electrical system.

27
Distribution Transformer

Terminal Marking
The terminal marking of the windings of a transformer
are marked as follows:
a) High voltage winding marked with capital letters e.g. A, R
b) Low voltage winding marked with small letters, e.g. a, r
c) Tertiary winding marked with the number 3 and followed by
a capital letter e.g. 3A, 3R

To identify the two ends of each windings, suffixes ( the

numbers 1 and 2) are added to the letters e.g. A1 and A2;
a1 and a2

28
Distribution Transformer

Terminal Marking
For a 3 phase transformer with three winding, the
markings could be:
a) High voltage winding 1st phase: A1 & A2
2nd phase: B1 & B2
3rd phase: C1 & C2
b) Low voltage winding 1st phase: a1 & a2
2nd phase: b1 & b2
3rd phase: c1 & c2
c) Tertiary winding 1st phase: 3A1 & 3A2
2nd phase: 3B1 & 3B2
3rd phase: 3C1 & 3C2
29
Distribution Transformer

Polarity
The polarity ( or direction) of the induced emf of the
secondary winding depends on the relative position of the
two windings.
(a) Subtractive polarity (b) Additive polarity

30
Distribution Transformer

Phase shift in transformer

Single phase transformer
When connecting two single
phase transformer in series or
parallel, it is essential that the
terminal of the windings must be
connected correctly to obtain the
correct voltages.
Three phase transformer
The phase difference between the
high voltage and low voltages is
determined by the connection of
the 3 HV windings and the 3 LV
windings
31
Distribution Transformer

Phase shift in transformer

Example Phase shift in Three phase transformer
DY11 means
1st letter refer to high voltage windings connection
2nd letter refer to low voltage winding connection
D or d refer to delta , Y or y refer to star, Z or z refer to zigzag
connection
Numbers refer to position of the reference phase of he secondary
windings ( as seen on the face of a clock)
Dy11 indicates that the transformer has the following
configuration:
D high voltage windings are connected in delta
Y Low windings are connected in star
11 oclock position i.e., the phase difference between the high voltage
and corresponding low voltage is +30 ( a secondary phase leads A
primary phase by 30)
32
Distribution Transformer

Phase shift in transformer

Example Phase shift in Three phase transformer

33
Distribution Transformer

Tap changers
A tap changer is a device that provides the means for changing
the voltage ration of the windings.
It is used to compensate for variations of the primary supply
voltage, hereby maintaining the secondary voltage within the
statutory limit
Types of tap changers:-
1) On load tap changers
On load tap changer can be operated without switching off
the electricity supply. On load tap changers re used mainly
on transformers with larger capacities where the daily and
short periods of voltage adjustments are necessary.

34
Distribution Transformer

Types of tap changers (cont.):-

2) Off Load Tap Changers
Operation of an off load tap changers can be only be
carried out when the load is switched off
When position of tap-link is at:
(a) C&D: principle tapping position
( rated/nominal voltage)
(b) A&B: +5% ( turns ratio is increased by 5%)
(c) B&C: +2.5%(turns ratio is increased by 2.5%)
(d) D&E: -2.5%(turns ration is decreased by 2.5%)
(e) E&F: -5%(turns ratio is decreased by 5%)

35
Distribution Transformer

Tap changers
Example
The taps designation is specified a (6-2.5)%(2+4)
It means that
6 taps in addition to nominal, or a total of 7 possible
tap setting
Each tap will adjust the voltage 2.5% per step
2 taps above nominal, 4 taps below nominal
The taps allow for voltage setting at +5%, +2.5%,
nominal, -2.5%,-5%,-7.5% and -10%

36
Distribution Transformer

Transformer Impedance
The transformer impedance is the vector sum of the
resistance and reactance ZTR = RTR + XTR
The actual ohmic impedance values

1 %resistance VL ,Transforme r
2

RTR
100 VATransforme r

1 % reactance V L ,Transforme r 2

X TR
100 VATransforme r

37
Distribution Transformer

Transformer Impedance
If the transformer impedance is Z and given the X/R
ratio, then the actual ohmic impedance values can be
found by using

1 % Z VL ,Transforme r
2

RTR x cos
100 VATransforme r
1 % Z VL ,Transforme r
2

X TR x sin
100 VATransforme r

38
Distribution Transformer

Transformer Impedance
Example 4.1
A 75 KVA, 480-208Y/120 V, three phase transformer has
a winding resistance of 3% and leakage reactance of
4.22%. Determine the ohmic impedances referred to the
low voltage side.

Solution:
1 3% 208
2
RTR 0.0173
100 75kVA
1 4.22% 208
2

X TR 0.0243
100 75kVA
39
Primary Distribution Circuit

Primary Distribution Circuit

Primary distribution circuits are generally 3-phase 4
wire (3 phase conductor and 1 neutral) or 3-phase 3 wire
(3 phase conductor only).
In either case neutral point of distribution substation
transformer star earthed.
The system may be (1) Radial, (2) Loop, (3) Ring, (4)
Mesh/network/grid type or suitable combination of such
circuits depending upon required service reliability and
cost.

40
Network Configurations

In designing distribution networks supplies can be

provided to different areas of the system in a variety
ways, depending on the load density and system voltage
level.
Types of network configuration are:
a. Mesh Network
b. Interconnected Network
c. Link Arrangement
d. Open Loop
e. Radial System

41
Network Configurations

Mesh Network
The interconnecting circuits of the mesh arrangement
can provide increased security of the supplies to
individual substations, and this arrangement is therefore
frequently used in HV systems.
This arrangement requires more substation
equipment overall, for example switchgear and
electrical connections, it is usually more
efficient in terms of total circuit cost.
The system arrangement is easier to extend and
has a higher utilization of circuits when fully
developed than a ring system.
42
Network Configurations

Mesh Network
A mesh network system consists of a number of inter-
connected ring system.
Advantages of mesh network are:
More than one alternate route of supply
Very flexible in load transfer
No interruption of power supply if faulty
equipment/section is isolated quickly

43
Network Configurations

Interconnected Network
By interconnecting and operating a number of infeed
substations in parallel.
Subject to satisfactory network circuit
loadings such as arrangement can accept
the loss of one infeed interruption of
supplies within the network.
Note: Voltage levels and reactive power flows throughout the
network may be a problem on extended interconnected systems,
and parallel operation of the infeed points can result in reverse
power flows through the infeed transformers under outage
conditions on the higher-voltage system.
44
Network Configurations

Link Arrangement
A similar interconnection between infeed points can be
provided by the link arrangement.
However, by opening the interconnectors as
indicated, the system can operate as radial
feeders with closure of the open points
restoring supplies if one of the infeed
substations is out of service.

45
Network Configurations

Open Loop
A figure shows a common option at MV and LV is the
open-loop arrangement.
Under normal operating conditions the
network is operated as a number of radial
feeders.
On the occurrence of a fault between the
busbar and the sectionalising open point,
once the faulted section has been isolated
the normally open disconnector can be
closed to provide back-up supplies.

46
Network Configurations

Open Loop
Normally the system has two or more supply sources.
The system provides two separate route of supply to any
load.
The disadvantages of open loop network are:
It cost more than a radial system with the same
number of secondary sub-stations and serving the
same consumers.
Co-ordination of the protection relays is also difficult
when compared with a radial system
Estimation of the fault level is relatively more difficult
when compared with a radial system.
47
Network Configurations

Radial System
In addition, purely radial networks without the facility of
back-up interconnection, a common use, particularly for
LV rural systems.

48
Network Configurations

Radial System
A radial system has only one supply source and it feeds a
number of loads.
The advantages of a radial distribution systems are:
Simple to design load estimation and sizing of
components is relatively easy
Estimation of the fault level is easy
Grading of the protection relay is easy
The only disadvantage of radial system is that there is no
alternative route of supply to any consumer.
A fault in a feeder will result in power outage to all
consumers after the fault location on this feeder.
49
Secondary System

The part of the of the electric utility which is between the

primary system and the consumers property is called
the secondary system.
Secondary distribution system include step down
distribution transformer, secondary circuit (secondary
mains), consumer services (or service drops) and meter to
measures consumer energy consumption.
Generally, the secondary distribution system are design in
single phase for areas of residential customers and in
three phase for areas of industrial or commercial
customers with high load densities.

50
Secondary System

Types of the secondary distribution system include:-

The separate service system for each consumer with
separate distribution transformer and secondary
connection.
Radial system with common secondary main, feeding
a group of consumers.
Secondary bank system with common secondary main
that is supplied by several distribution transformer
which are all feed by the same primary feeder.
Secondary network system with a common grid type
main that is supplied by a large number of distribution
transformer.
51
Secondary System

Secondary Systems

52
Voltage Drop

Introduction
One of the most important constraints on distribution
system design is the voltage level at the customer intake
point.
This is particularly important for the vast majority of
customer taking supplies at low voltage with no means of
adjusting the voltage received.
A knowledge of the voltage at different locations can
indicate the strong and weak parts of a networks.

53
Voltage Drop

Vd phasor
The voltage drop phasor Vd for a section of line having an
impedance Z and carrying current I is given by

Vd IZ
In distribution system it is the arithmetic difference
between sending and receiving end voltages which is the
more useful voltage drop value.
A close approximation to this can be obtained from the
simplified equivalent

54
Voltage Drop

Vd phasor
The figure has resistance R, reactance X, sending end
voltage VS and receiving end voltage Vr. . It carries
current I lagging on Vr .
During normal load-flow conditions the angle between the
receiving and sending end voltage Vr and VS is only a few
degrees.
For most practical cases the approximation is acceptable.

Phasor Diagram
55
Voltage Drop

Vd phasor
The scalar relationship can be written as

VS Vr IR cos IX sin
The voltage drop Vd in the line is given by

Vd VS Vr IP and Iq represent the

IR cos IX sin resistive and reactive
component of load
I P R Iq X
current I

56
Voltage Drop

Vd phasor
In single phase calculations the resistance and reactance
of the return path must be included in R and X.
For 3-phase systems the line-line voltage drop can be
calculated from
Vd 3 ( I P R I q X ) Where V is line line
P voltage and P is the
( R X tan ) total 3 phase power
V

57
Voltage Drop
Example 4.2
Consider the three phases four wire 416 V secondary system with
balanced loads at A, B and C as shown in figure below.

0.05 + j0.01 /
A 0.1 + j0.02 /B 0.05+j0.05 /C

Distribution
transformer
30 A 20 A 50 A
Unity p.f. Cos B = 0.5 Cos C = 0.9
Determine the following: lagging lagging
a) Calculate the total voltage drop using the approximate method
b) Calculate the real power per phase for each load
c) Calculate the reactive power per phase for each load
d) Calculate the kilovolt ampere output and load power factor of the
distribution transformer 58
Voltage Drop

Solution
a) Using the approximation voltage drop equation
Vd = I(R cos + X sin)

The voltage drop for each load

Vd(A) = 30(0.05x1.0+0.01x0) = 1.5 V
Vd(B) = 20(0.15x0.5+0.03x0.866) = 2.02 V
Vd(C) = 50(0.2x0.9+0.08x0.436) =1 0.744 V

Therefore, the total voltage drop is

Vd(Total) = Vd(A)+Vd(B) Vd(C) = 14.264 V

59
Voltage Drop

Solution
b) The real power per phase for each load P=VI cos
the single phase voltage, V 416 V 240 V

3
PA=240(30)(1.0)=7.2kW
PB=240(20)(0.5)=2.4kW
PC=240(50)(0.9)=10.8kW
The total real power per phase is: PA+PB+PC=20.4kW

c) The reactive power per phase each load Q=VI sin

QA=240(30)(0)=0kvar
QB=240(20)(0.866)=4.156kvar
QC=240(50)(0.436)=5.232kvar
The total reactive power per phase is: QA+QB+QC=9.389kvar
60
Voltage Drop

Solution
d) The KVA output of the distribution transformer

S P 2 Q 2 20.49 2 9.389 2 22.457 kVA/phase

Total KVA output of the distribution transformer is

ST 3S 3 22.457 kVA/phase 67.37 kVA

The load power factor of the distribution is

P 20.4
cos 0.908 lagging
S 22.457

61