Recap

What is the principal quantum

number?
What are subshells? What are the 4
types?
Definition of an orbital
Pauli Exclusion principle?
Spin pairing?
1.11 State the factors which
influence the first ionisation
energy of elements
 Objectives
State the factors which influence the
first ionization energy of elements.

Explain how ionization energy data

provide evidence for sub-shells.

Derive the electronic configuration of

an element from data on successive
ionization energies
 Ionization Energy (I.E)
1st Ionization Energy of an element
Energy needed to convert 1 mole of its
gaseous atoms into gaseous ions with a
single positive charge

Energy required to remove each successive

electron is called the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc. ionization
energy

Ionization energies are positive because it

requires energy to remove an electron
 Things to note about 1 I.E st

The state symbols (g) are very

essential and must be present in all
ionization energy equations
Ionization energies are measured in
kilojoules per molekJ/mol
All elements have a 1st ionization
energy
Symbol = Hi1
Classwork

Write 1st I.E equations for the following

elements:
Mg
Ca
Na
 Factors Influencing I.E
The magnitude of I.E depends on how strongly the
electron (to be lost) is attracted to the nucleus

Three MAIN factors influence the I.E (how easily the

electron is lost):
1. Atomic Radii

2. Nuclear Charge

3. Shielding (Screening by inner electrons)

4. A fourth factor is Whether the electron is paired in an

orbital or on its own
 1. Atomic Radii
Atomic radiusis generally stated as being the
distance from an atoms nucleus to the
outermost orbital of electron

The I.E is influenced by the distance the

outer electron is from the nucleus

As distance increases:
nuclear attraction for the outer electron decreases
ionization energy decreases
 Atomic radii (contd)
Successive Ionization Energies of
Ionization Energy (kJ) Orbital Electron Lost
Sodium (Na)
Energy From
1st 496 3s
2nd 4562 2p
3rd 6912 2p
4th 9543 2p
5th 13353 2p
6th 16610 2p
7th 20114 2p
 2. Nuclear Charge
The effective nuclear charge (zeff )of an atom is
the net positive charge felt by the valence electron
The positive nuclear charge increases with atomic
numberwhy?
As Zef increases:
attraction of the nucleus for the outer electron increases
ionization energy increases

Atomic radii and Electron shielding (screening of inner e -)

can outweigh the efect of nuclear charge
For eg. Cs has a larger nuclear charge than Na but
a lower first I.E (loses electron more readily) than
Na
1st I.Ecaesium = 376 kJ/mol and 1st I.Esodium = 496
kJ/mol
3. Shielding (Screening by inner
electrons)
Electrons experience repulsion by other electrons
Outer electrons are shielded from the full attraction of
the nucleus by the repelling efect of inner electrons
(screening effect)

Screening efect of electrons in lower energy levels is

more efective than electrons in higher energy levels

Electrons in same energy level have negligible

screening efect on each other

As screening efect becomes more efective,

ionization energy decreases
The more inner electrons there are, the greater the
shielding efect and the less strongly the outermost
electron is held.
Shielding (Screening by inner electrons)
1.12 Explain how ionisation energy data provide
evidence for sub-shells

1.13 Derive the electronic configuration of an

element from data on successive ionisation
energies
 Evidence for subshells
The Hydrogen Emission Spectrum
provided evidence for discrete energy
levels within the atom. These energy
levels are termed shells.
How do we know that these energy
levels are further divided into subshells?

Answer: Results from ionization energy

data
How would you expect the 1st
I.E to vary?
Which atom would have the
smaller 1st I.E? Why?
4. Whether the electron is paired in an
orbital or on its own
Although spin pairing helps to relieve some
of
the forces of repulsion between electrons,
they
still repel each other. Therefore it would be
easy
to remove an electron that is paired.

The 1st I.E is smaller for paired electrons in

orbitals than for unpaired electrons
1 I.Es of Period 3
st
 General Trend
The 1st I.E generally increaseswhy?
Period 3 has how many shells?
As you go across the period, what increases?
Nuclear charge increases as you go
across the period but the number of
shells remain the same. This causes the
atomic radius to decrease as the outer
electrons are held more strongly.
A decrease in atomic radius causes an
increase in the 1st ionization energy
Lets look at the graph
again
 Why does the 1st I.E decrease on going
from Mg to Al?
Hint:
E. Configuration of Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
E. Configuration for Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

Slight Increase in atomic radius of

Aluminium
due to 3p subshell
Shielding Efect of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
electrons
 Why does the 1st I.E decrease on
going from P to S?
Hint 1:
E. Configuration of P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
E. Configuration of S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Hint 2:
 Importance of Anomalies
Anomaly 1 1st I.E drops on going from
Mg to Al due to 3p subshell
Anomaly 2 1st I.E drops on going from P
to S due to pairing of electrons in 3p
orbital

These 2 anomalies provide evidence for

the
presence of sub shells within the atom
 Successive Ionization
Energies
These are the energies required for the removal
of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd.. electron
Equation for 2nd ionisation energy:

How would you expect the equation for the 3 rd

ionization energy to look?

Data from successive ionization energies may be

used to derive the electronic configuration of an
element
 Trends in Successive I.Es
Lets look at some of the S.I.Es for
sodium
Ele 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
men I.E I.E I.E I.E I.E I.E
t
Na 498 4560 6910 9540 1340 1660
0 0
 Trends in Successive I.Es
Sucessive ionization energies increase.
This is because as one electron is
removed, the nuclear charge increases.
This results in the remaining electrons
being held more strongly and hence
more energy required to remove them.
There may be one or more particularly
large rises within the S.I.Es of an
element. These correspond to a change
in energy level.
Lets look at the S.I.E graph for
Sodium
 Analysis of graph
The number of ionization energies tells
us the total number of electrons
present in the atom
Each major increase in ionization
energy corresponds to a change in
energy level/shell
The number of ionization energies
before an increase, tells us how many
electrons are in that particular shell.
E.C of Sodium = 2.8.1
Deduce the E.C of Chlorine