Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Initial
observations Search of existing
research literature
Statement of
the problem
Operational
Research hypothesis definitions of
(a specific deductive constructs
prediction)
Testing & Challenging
The degree of challenge to the hypothesis will depend on the type of problem
and its importance. It can range from just seeking a good enough solution to
a much more rigorous challenge. The term challenging may include
Verification
Justification
Refutability
Validity
Rectification
Repeatability
Falsification
There are two possibilities
1. Nothing Happened the Null Hypothesis Ho
2. Something Happened the Alternative Hypothesis - H1
Hypothesis testing is a four-step procedure:
1. Stating the hypothesis (Null or Alternative)
2. Setting the criteria for a decision
3. Collecting data
4. Evaluate the Null hypothesis
Type I error
When conducted? Later stages of decision making Early stage of decision making Later stages of decision making
Thesimplerandomsampleisboththeeasiestrandomsampleto understand
and the one onwhichother
typesaremodeled.Insimplerandomsampling,aresearchdevelops
anaccuratesamplingframe,selects elementsfromsamplingframe.
Randomsamplingdoesnotguaranteethateveryrandomsampleperfectlyrep
resentsthepopulation.
Instead,itmeansthatmostrandomsampleswillbecloseto
thepopulationmostof thetime,and
that onecancalculate theprobabilityof aparticularsamplebeinginaccurate.
K=N/n
wherenis the sample size, andNis the population size.
Systematic sampling is to be applied only if the given population is
logically homogeneous, because systematic sample units are
uniformly distributed over the population
Example: Suppose a supermarket wants to study buying habits of
their customers, then using systematic sampling they can choose
every 10th or 15th customer entering the supermarket and conduct
the study on this sample.
This is random sampling with a system. From the sampling frame, a
starting point is chosen at random, and choices thereafter are at
regular intervals. For example, suppose you want to sample 8
houses from a street of 120 houses. 120/8=15, so every 15th house
is chosen after a random starting point between 1 and 15. If the
random starting point is 11, then the houses selected are 11, 26, 41,
56, 71, 86, 101, and 116. As an aside, if every 15th house was a
"corner house" then this corner pattern could destroy the
randomness of the population.
Nonprobability Sampling
Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Self-selection sampling
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling
Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling
Kisthenumberofvariables,andr-baristheaveragecorrelationamongallpairs
ofvariables.
Measurements Scales
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval
Ratio
Nominal scale