Chapter 14: Generating

Data with Do Loops

OBJECTIVES

Understand iterative DO loops.

Construct a DO loop to perform repetitive calculations
Use DO loops to eliminate redundant code.
Use DO loop processing to conditionally execute code.
Generate multiple observations in one iteration of the
DATA step
Construct nested DO loops
DO Loop Processing
Statements within a DO loop
execute for a specific number of
iterations or until a specific
condition stops the loop.
DATA statement
SAS statements
DO statement
iterated SAS statements
END statement
SAS statements
RUN statement

2
Repetitive Coding

Compare the interest for yearly

versus quarterly compounding on
a $50,000 investment made for
one year at 7.5 percent interest.
How much money will a person
accrue in each situation?

3
 Repetitive Coding
data compound;
Amount=50000;
Rate=.075;
Yearly=Amount*Rate;
Quarterly+((Quarterly+Amount)*Rate/4);
Quarterly+
((Quarterly+Amount)*Rate/4);
Quarterly+((Quarterly+Amount)*Rate/4);
Quarterly+((Quarterly+Amount)*Rate/4);
run;

4
Repetitive Coding

proc print data=compound noobs;

run;
PROC PRINT Output

Amount Rate Yearly Quarterly

50000 0.075 3750 3856.79

What if you wanted to determine the quarterly

compounded interest after a period of 20 years
(80 quarters)?
5
DO Loop Processing

data compound(drop=Qtr);
Amount=50000;
Rate=.075;
Yearly=Amount*Rate;
do Qtr=1 to 4;
Quarterly+((Quarterly+Amount)*Rate/4);
end;
run;

6
 The Iterative DO Statement
The iterative DO statement executes
statements between DO and END statements
repetitively, based on the value of an index
variable.

DO
DO index-variable=specification-1
index-variable=specification-1 <,specification-n>;
<,specification-n>;
<additional
<additional SAS
SAS statements>
statements>
END;
END;

specification-1specification-n can represent

a range of values or a list of specific values.
7
 General Syntax of a DO Loop
DO index-variable = start TO stop BY
increment;
SAS statements;
END;
Index-variable stores the value of the current
iteration of the DO loop.
Start, stop, increment values are set upon entry
of the DO loop.
Can not be changed during the processing the
DO loop
Can be numbers, variables, or SAS expressions.
The Iterative DO Statement

The BY clause is optional. If ignored, the

increment is 1.
Increment may be negative, which will process
the DO loop backwards. For this situation, Start
should be larger than Stop.
When completing the DO loop, the value of the
index-variable is STOP_value+Increment, not
the STOP_value.
Ex: Do month = 1 to 12;
pay = pay*1.05;
END;
9
Once the DO loop is completed, the value of
month = 13, NOT 12.
 The Iterative DO Statement

What are the values of each of the

four index variables? Out of range

do i=1 to 12;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
do j=2 to 10 by 2;
2 4 6 8 10 12
do k=14 to 2 by 2;
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
do m=3.6 to 3.8 by .05;
3.60 3.65 3.70 3.75 3.80 3.85

10
The Iterative DO Statement
DO
DO index-variable=item-1
index-variable=item-1 <,item-n>;
<,item-n>;

item-1 through item-n can be

either all numeric or all character
constants, or they can be
variables.
The DO loop is executed once for
each value in the list.

11
The Iterative DO Statement
How many times will each DO loop
execute?
do Month='JAN','FEB','MAR'; 3 times.

do Fib=1,2,3,5,8,13,21; 7 times.

do i=Var1,Var2,Var3; 3 times.

do j=BeginDate to Today() by 7;
The number of iterations depends
on the values of BeginDate and Today().
do k=Test1-Test50;

k is determined
1 time. A single value of
by subtracting Test50 from Test1. Use TO not
12 -.
Performing Repetitive Calculations

On January 1 of each year, $5,000 is

invested in an account. Determine the
value of the account after three years
based on a constant annual interest
rate of 7.5 percent.
data invest;
do Year=2001 to 2003;
Capital+5000;
Capital+(Capital*.075);
end;
run;
14
Performing Repetitive
Calculations
proc print data=invest noobs;
run;

PROC PRINT Output

Year Capital

2004 17364.61

NOTE: The Year is 2004, NOT 2003.

The Capital is not for 2003.

15
Performing Repetitive
Calculations
Generate a separate observation for each year.

data invest;
do Year=2001 to 2003;
Capital+5000;
Capital+(Capital*.075);
output;
end;
run; Explicit output

proc print data=invest noobs;

run;

16
 Performing Repetitive
Calculations
PROC PRINT Output

Year Capital

2001 5375.00
2002 11153.13
2003 17364.61

Why is the value of Year not equal to 2004 in the last

observation?

NOTE: The use of OUTPUT, the explicit output, controls

the output from 2001 to 2003.

17
Reducing Redundant Code
The example that forecast the
growth of each division of an airline.
Partial Listing of the data set:
mylib.growth
Num
Division Emps Increase

APTOPS 205 0.075

FINACE 198 0.040
FLTOPS 187 0.080

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 Reducing Redundant Code
A Forecasting of Airline Growth
data forecast;
set mylib.growth(rename=(NumEmps=NewTotal));
Year=1;
NewTotal=NewTotal*(1+Increase);
output;
Year=2;
NewTotal=NewTotal*(1+Increase);
output;
Year=3;
NewTotal=NewTotal*(1+Increase);
output;
run;

What if you want to forecast growth over the next 30

years?
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Reducing Redundant Code
Use a DO loop to eliminate the
redundant code in the previous
example.
data forecast;
set mylib.growth(rename=(NumEmps=NewTotal));
do Year=1 to 3;
NewTotal=NewTotal*(1+Increase);
output;
end;
run;

20
 Reducing Redundant Code
proc print data=forecast noobs;
run;

Partial PROC PRINT Output

New
Division Total Increase Year

APTOPS 220.38 0.075 1

APTOPS 236.90 0.075 2
APTOPS 254.67 0.075 3
FINACE 205.92 0.040 1

What if you want to forecast the number of years it

would take for the size of the Airport Operations
Division to exceed 300 people?
21
Conditional Iterative
Processing
You can use DO WHILE and DO
UNTIL statements to stop the loop
when a condition is met rather
than when the index variable
exceeds a specific value.
To avoid infinite loops, be sure that
the condition specified will be met.

22
 The DO WHILE Statement
The DO WHILE statement executes statements
in a DO loop while a condition is true.

DO
DO WHILE
WHILE (expression);
(expression);
<additional
<additional SAS
SAS
statements>
statements>
END;
END;
expression is evaluated at the top of the
loop.
The statements in the loop never execute if
the expression is initially false.
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The DO UNTIL Statement
The DO UNTIL statement executes statements in a
DO loop until a condition is true.

DO
DO UNTIL
UNTIL (expression);
(expression);
<additional
<additional SAS
SAS
statements>
statements>
END;
END;
expression is evaluated at the bottom of the loop.
The statements in the loop are executed at least
once.

24
Conditional Iterative Processing

Task:
Determine the number of years it
would take for an account to
exceed $1,000,000 if $5,000 is
invested annually at 7.5 percent.

25
Conditional Iterative
Processing
data invest;

do until(Capital>1000000);
Year+1;
Capital+5000;
Capital+(Capital*.075);
end;
run;

proc print data=invest noobs;

run;

26
Conditional Iterative
Processing
PROC PRINT Output

Capital Year

1047355.91 38

How could you generate the same

result with a DO WHILE statement?

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 The Iterative DO Statement with a
Conditional Clause

You can combine DO WHILE and DO UNTIL

statements with the iterative DO statement.

DO
DO index-variable=start
index-variable=start TO
TO stop
stop <BY
<BY increment>
increment>
WHILE
WHILE || UNTIL
UNTIL (expression);
(expression);
<additional
<additional SAS
SAS statements>
statements>
END;
END;

This is one method of avoiding an infinite loop in

DO WHILE or DO UNTIL statements.
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The Iterative DO Statement with a
Conditional Clause

Task:
Determine the return of the
account again.
Stop the loop if 25 years is reached
or more than $250,000 is
accumulated.

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The Iterative DO Statement with a
Conditional Clause

data invest;
do Year=1 to 25 until(Capital>250000);
Capital+5000;
Capital+(Capital*.075);
end;
run;

proc print data=invest noobs;

run;

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The Iterative DO Statement with a
Conditional Clause

PROC PRINT Output

Year Capital

21 255594.86

31
Nested DO Loops

Nested DO loops are loops within

loops.
When you nest DO loops,
use different index variables for each
loop
be certain that each DO statement has a
corresponding END statement.

32
Nested DO Loops

Task:
Create one observation per year
for five years and show the
earnings if you invest $5,000 per
year with 7.5 percent annual
interest compounded quarterly.

33
Nested DO Loops
data invest(drop=Quarter);
do Year=1 to 5;
Capital+5000;
do Quarter=1 to 4;
5x 4x Capital+(Capital*(.075/4));
end;
output;
end;
run;

proc print data=invest noobs;

run;

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 Nested DO Loops
PROC PRINT Output

Year Capital

1 5385.68
2 11186.79
3 17435.37
4 24165.94
5 31415.68

How could you generate one observation for each

quarterly amount?

35
Nested DO Loops
Task:
Compare the final results of
investing $5,000 a year for five
years in three different banks that
compound quarterly. Assume each
bank has a fixed interest rate.
mylib.Banks
Name Rate

Calhoun Bank and Trust 0.0718

State Savings Bank 0.0721
National Savings and Trust 0.0728

36
Nested DO Loops

data invest(drop=Quarter Year);

set mylib.banks;
Capital=0;
do Year=1 to 5;
3x Capital+5000;
5x do Quarter=1 to 4;
4x Capital+(Capital*(Rate/4));
end;
end;
run;

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Nested DO Loops
proc print data=invest noobs;
run;

PROC PRINT Output

Name Rate Capital

Calhoun Bank and Trust 0.0718 31106.73

State Savings Bank 0.0721 31135.55
National Savings and Trust 0.0728 31202.91

38