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POWERPOINT SLIDESHOW
Grade 9 Science
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
& TECHNOLOGIES
Supporting Science Textbook Content while enriching the Learning Process in Junior High/Middle School
ELECTRICITY
Concept Map
Electrical Principles
&
Technologies
Grade 9
ELECTRICITY OUTLINE
Measuring Voltage
The simplest way to measure voltage is with a voltmeter.
[red to positive (+) black to negative (-)]
Some voltmeters can measure a wide range of voltages.
Electrical Shock
High voltage power lines carry 50,000V of electricity. However,
amperage is more important to consider. 0.001A will likely not be felt
at all, 0.015A to 0.020A will cause a painful shock and loss of muscle
control (which means you will not be able to let go of the line). Current as
low as 0.1A can be fatal. Electrical Dangers vary, depending on the
situation. When the current can flow easily, it is more dangerous. Insulators
(such as wood, rubber and air) hamper the flow of electricity.
A lightning strike can have 30,000A - more than enough to kill you. Lightning
can also do a lot of damage to a building. Metal lightning rods that are
connected to the ground with a grounding wire are fixed on the roof of many
buildings to prevent damage to the building during an electrical storm.
Never handle electrical devices if you are wet or near water. Moisture is
a good conductor of electricity, so avoid water when working with
electricity
Don't use devices that have a frayed or exposed power cord and pull
on the electrical plug, not the cord
Always unplug an electrical device before disassembling it
Don't put anything into an electrical outlet - except a proper plug for an
electrical device
Don't overload an electrical circuit, by trying to operate too many
devices at once
Avoid power lines
Never remove the third prong from a 3 prong plug
Avoid being the target of a lightning strike, by staying low to the
ground (horizon) and away from trees
Don't bypass safety precautions when you are in a hurry
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Plugs, Fuses and Breakers
Fuses contain a thin piece of metal designed to melt if the current is too
high. Circuit breakers, on the other hand, trip a spring mechanism, which
shuts off the flow of electricity through the circuit, when there is too much
current.
Circuit breakers can be reused over and over (provided the cause of the
increased flow is corrected).
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Examples of a 20A circuit what load it can take, and what happens when it
overloads.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Cells and Batteries
An electrochemical cell supplies a steady current. It is a collection of
chemicals designed to produce small amounts of electricity. The electricity
comes from chemical reactions within the cell.
Dry Cells
The electricity-producing cells, which are referred to as batteries, are
called dry cells. They are 'dry' because the chemicals used are in a paste.
The chemical reaction in a cell releases free electrons, which travel from
the negative terminal of the cell, through the device, which uses the
electricity, and back to the positive terminal of the cell. The dry cell is
made up of two different metals, called electrodes in an electrolyte. An
electrolyte is a paste or liquid that conducts electricity because it contains
chemicals that form ions. An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has
become electrically charged through the loss or gain of electrons from one
atom to another. The electrolyte reacts with the electrodes, making one
electrode positive and the other negative. These electrodes are connected
to the terminals.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Wet Cells
Wet cells are 'wet' because the electrolyte is a liquid (usually an acid).
Each electrode (zinc and copper) reacts differently in the electrolyte.
The acidic electrolyte eats away the zinc electrode, leaving behind
electrons that give it a negative charge. The copper electrode is positive,
but it is not eaten away. Electrons travel from the negative terminal
(attached to the zinc electrode) through the device and on to the
positive terminal (attached to the copper electrode). Connecting 2
or more cells together creates a battery, which is a sealed case with
only two terminals.
Each battery has 6 lead-acid wet cells containing alternating positive and
negative metal plated electrodes in a sulfuric acid electrolyte.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Batteries - Dry cells and wet cells are called primary cells. The chemical
reactions, which produce the electricity, cannot be reversed.
Biological Electricity
Certain animals like the electric eel, can produce electric shock, to kill or stun
prey. They have a special organ that contains specialized muscle cells called
electroplaques. Each cell produces a small amount of electricity. When all the
cells work together, a large amount of electricity is produce and used to help
the eel survive.
Heat to Electricity
A thermocouple is a device that can convert thermal energy into electrical
energy. It consists of two different metals (bimetal) joined together that
conduct heat at slightly different rates. When heated, the difference in
conduction results in electricity flowing from one metal to the other. The
basic principle of the thermocouple was discovered by Thomas Johann
Seebeck in 1821, and was named the Seebeck Effect.
Motion to Electricity
A barbeque spark lighter uses the piezoelectric effect in reverse.
Motion to Electricity
The opposite can work to generate electricity by
applying mechanical pressure to the quartz crystal
which will vibrate causing an electric discharge
(spark).
CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS
Electrons are bonded closely to the nuclei
(allowing little movement) in insulators
while in conductors, the electrons are free.
When electricity is added, the electrons
move toward the positive terminal.
Semiconductors are almost perfect conductors - they have almost no
resistance to electron flow. The largest obstacle to making widely available
semi-conductors is to find a way to get the semiconductor to work at
reasonable temperatures for everyday practical applications.
A gas can act as a conductor in the same way as a wire. It conducts the
flow of charged electrons from the negative terminal to the positive
terminal. Gases usually insulate, but some gas atoms can be excited by
electricity and they can act as conductors, including:
Neon - gives a orange-pink light
Neon and argon - give a purple light
Helium - gives a yellowish-white light
Neon signs have electrical technology applications: First, electricity must travel all the
way through the tube in order for the gas to glow. Second, The sign has to have a
control to turn it off and on. Third, the sign must be safe
A RESISTANCE
special type of conductor, called a resistor allows electrons to flow, but
provides some resistance. Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for
the electrons to flow through a conductor. It is measured in ohms.
A switch is a device that allows the flow of electrons or stops the flow. When
the switch is open, the is no flow, because there is a gap in the conductor.
When the switch is closed, the switch becomes the 'gap replacement' and
allows the flow of electrons to continue.
Solutions can also be resistors. 'Lie detectors' are also special applications of
resistance within the body (skin resistance, blood pressure and respiration).
An increase in stress (usually associated with a lie) will improve conductivity
and show a 'peak' in the recording device.
MODELLING ELECTRICITY
Voltage - A waterfall is used, as a model, to demonstrate
voltage. Water flows when there is a change in
the gravitational potential energy (elevation).
Electricity will not flow unless there is a change in electrical
potential (voltage).
Ohm's Law
Georg Simon Ohm, a mathematician, proved a link between voltage (V),
current (I) and resistance (R). The unit of resistance was named after him,
the ohm.
Ohm's Law states:
as long as temperature stays the same
the resistance of a conductor stays constant,
and the current is directly proportional to the voltage applied
R=V/I
Applying Ohm's Law
If the temperature of a resistor changes, the resistance changes as well
(resistance is usually low when the resistor is cool, and as the temperature
increases, so does resistance).
MEASURING ELECTRICITY
Voltmeters measure voltage difference (voltage drop).
Ammeters measure current (rate of flow) in amperes.
Small currents are measured using galvanometers.
Types of Resistors
Different resistors are used for different
applications,
especially in electronics. There are many styles,
sizes and shapes. The two most common are the
wire-wound and carbon-composition types.
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Engineers and designers of electrical circuits use symbols to identify
components and connections. A drawing made with these symbols is called
a schematic or schematic diagram.
Basic
Electrical
Circuit
Symbols
Generating DC and AC
A DC generator is much the same as a DC motor. The spinning armature
produces the electricity (if electricity is passed through a DC generator, it will
spin like a motor). The central axle of an AC generator has a loop of wire
attached to two slip rings. The current is switched as the loops move up and
down alternatively through the magnetic field. The slip rings conduct the
alternating current to the circuit through the brushes (the brush and ring
assembly allows the whole loop to spin freely). In large AC generators many
loops of wire are wrapped around an iron core.
ELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are used to change the amount of voltage with hardly any
energy loss. Voltage change is necessary because the most efficient way to
transmit current over long distances is at high voltage and then reduced
when it reaches its destination, where it will be used.
Shortcut _P_
IV
(E) Energy in joules (P) Power in watts (J/s) (t) time in seconds
Shortcut _E_
Pt
Energy
The power rating of a device can be used to determine the amount of
energy the device uses. Multiply the power rating by the time the device is
operating.
ELECTRIC POWER
Kilowatt Hours is used as a unit for energy. The energy calculation is the
same, except that hours are substituted for seconds and kilowatts (kW) are
substituted for watts.
Electricity meters measure the energy used in kilowatt hours and then
bills you for every kilowatt hour used.
Law of Conservation of Energy
James Joule
Most often, the energy is lost, or dissipated as heat. Mechanical systems also
dissipate energy to their surroundings, but not as obvious as the heat loss.
Much of the dissipated energy is sound.
EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of a device is the ratio of the useful energy that comes out of
a device to the total energy that went in. The more input energy converted to
output energy, the more efficient the device is.
Limits to Efficiency
Electric heater come very close to being 100% efficient, but devices, which
convert electricity to other forms, can never be 100% efficient. Some energy
is lost, or dissipated in a form that is not useful output. Friction causes
thermal energy to be lost, or dissipated in many devices.
Increasing Efficiency
Increasing the efficiency of a device depends on its purpose. The easiest way
to increase efficiency in many devices is to reduce friction, as much as
possible. Insulating a device from heat loss is also another practical way to
increase efficiency. Using capacitors in electrical circuits is also another way
to increase efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
EXAMPLES OF EFFICIENCY:
How efficient is an automobile? In other words, how much of the energy in the gasoline
results in kinetic energy or energy of motion of the automobile?
12% if well maintained, 8-10% if not maintained
Of the 20 gallons you of gasoline you put in your car, how much actually moves the
Coal is mined, crushed into a powder, blown into a combustion chamber and
burned to release heat. This heat boils water and superheats the resulting
steam to a high
temperature and pressure, which then turns a turbine. The turbine shaft
rotates large electromagnetic coils in the generator to produce electricity.
Heat from the Earth's core can also be used to generate electricity. This
geothermal energy (hot water and steam) is channeled through pipes to
drive turbines - connected to generators, which produce the electricity.
Gravitational energy
is transformed into
electrical energy.
ELECTRIC ENERGY - ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
Tides - moving water can power turbines, which then run generators.
When the tide comes in, the water is trapped in large reservoirs and
then allowed to flow out past turbines.
Renewable resources can be replenished over and over again. These types
of resources include; wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, biomass energy,
geothermal energy. Tree harvesting can also be renewed, but it takes a much
longer period of time to renew this resource.