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Statistics
Statistics
Mathematical procedures
Organize
Summarize Information
interpret
Variables
characteristic or condition that can
change or take on different values.
Research objective/question
relationship between variables for a specific
group of individuals
Population & Sample
Population
entire group of individuals of interest in
research
N
Sample
selected to represent the population in a
research study
Results are generalized to population
n
Types of Variables
Discrete variables
indivisible categories
Ex. class size
Continuous variables
infinitely divisible units
such as time (hour, minute, second) or weight
Real Limits
Boundaries set for each measurement
category or interval for continuous
variables
located exactly half-way (or half-unit)
between adjacent categories
Upper real limit
Category +1/2 unit
Lower real limit
Category minus unit
Measuring Variables
To establish relationships between
variables observed
Data
The measurements obtained in a research
Scale of measurement
set of categories and a process (sort,
compare, compute)
classifies each individual into one category
4 Types of Measurement Scales
1. Nominal scale
unordered set of categories
identified only by name
determine similarity or differences (or sort)
individuals
Categorical
2. Ordinal scale
ordered set of categories (ranked)
direction of difference between individuals (greater
than or less than)
4 Types of Measurement Scales
3. Interval scale
ordered series of equal-sized categories
identify the direction and magnitude of a
difference
Arbitrary location of the zero point
4. Ratio scale
is similar to an interval scale
value of zero indicates absence of the variable
(absolute zero)
identify the direction and magnitude of differences
allow ratio comparisons of measurements
4 Types of Measurement Scales
Scale Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio