CRIMINOLOGICAL

RESEARCH REVIEW

Prepared by: ROSANA F. RODRIGUEZ,

RN
 MEANING OF RESEARCH
Scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that links mans
speculation with reality

systematic, controlled, empirical and critical

investigation of hypothetical proposition about
the presumed relations among natural
phenomena
 KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF RESEARCH
A. According to Goal
1. Basic or Pure Research-
is done for the development of
theories or principles.
2. Applied Research
is the application of the result of pure
research
It tests the efficacy of theories and
principles.
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
B. According to Level of Investigation
1. Exploratory Research-
the researcher studies the variables
pertinent to a specific situation
2. Descriptive Research
the researcher studies the
relationships of the variables
 KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF RESEARCH
B. According to Level of Investigation
3. Experimental Research-
the experiment studies the effects of
the variables on each other.
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATION OF

RESEARCH
Experimental research describes what will be:
Steps in Scientific Method of Research( sequential)
1. Determining (recognizing) the problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Doing the library search
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
6. Collecting the data
7. Analyzing the data
8. Determining implications and conclusions to the findings
9. Making recommendations for further research
 STANDARD FORMAT OF
THESIS WRITING
I. The background of the study
II. Review of Related Literature and
Studies
III. Methodology
IV. Results and Discussions
V. Conclusions and Recommendations
 THREE MAJOR RESEARCH
METHOD
I. Historical Method
also known as documentary method
Manifested in the form of the narration of
the striking happenings about the past
problems which finds proper applicability
to the current problems
 THREE MAJOR RESEARCH
METHOD
II. Descriptive Method
otherwise known as normative survey.
concerned with the prevailing or existing
status of an event or problem under this
method
researcher employs the following data
gathering procedure:
Questionnaire
Interview
Observation
 THREE MAJOR RESEARCH
METHOD
III. Experimental Method
researcher focus on what will be the
outcome of the study from the point of
view of the future with the manipulation
of one independent variable
it involves two groups; the experimental
and controlled group.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
S=Specific- specifically stated
M= Measurable- easy to measure by using
research instrument in collection of data
A= Achievable- data are achievable using correct
statistical treatment techniques to arrive at
precise results
R= Realistic- real results are not manipulated
T= Time bound- time frame is required in every
activity because the shorter completion of the
activity the better.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
S=Specific- specifically stated
M= Measurable- easy to measure by using
research instrument in collection of data
A= Achievable- data are achievable using correct
statistical treatment techniques to arrive at
precise results
R= Realistic- real results are not manipulated
T= Time bound- time frame is required in every
activity because the shorter completion of the
activity the better.
 Construction of the Main
Problem & Sub- problem of the
study
1. The main problem of the study may be stated
by briefly pointing out the objectives, subject
and the coverage of the study
Ex. The study aim to assess the acceptance
of an accurate polygraph results as evidence
in court.
2. Specify the sub- problems of the main
problem.
Ex. Specifically, it sought to answer the
following sub- problems
 Construction of the Main
Problem & Sub- problem of the
study
1. To what extent does the application of
polygraph examination affect the attainment
of an accurate results to be presented as
evidence in court in terms of:
1. 1. examiners competency
 Construction of the Main
Problem & Sub- problem of the
study
1. To what extent does the application of
polygraph examination affect the attainment
of an accurate results to be presented as
evidence in court in terms of:
1. 1. examiners competency
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
It is the foundation of the study

The theory should have a relationship with

the issues posted in the study
 GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING
THEORY
Research must be well- founded on
universally accepted, known and tested
theory, principles, or concepts
Research may be anchored on several
theories available
Presentation of Theoretical framework
Ex. The framework of the study is anchored
on______________
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
An illustration of how research problems are
generated from the theoretical framework of
the study

It may be some sort of modification of the

theoretical framework or personally
conceptualized by the researcher.
 ASSUMPTIONS AND
HYPOTHESIS
ASSUMPTIONS
Self- evident truth which is based upon
known fact or phenomenon.

It is not usually answered or proven

because it is assumed true or correct which
is beyond the control of the researcher.
 ASSUMPTIONS AND
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
Tentative conclusions or answers to
specific question raised at the beginning of
the investigation.

It is an educated guess about the answer

to a specific questions.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
A device designed or adopted by
researcher for data gathering
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
I. QUESTIONNAIRES
a written or printed form containing the
questions to be asked on the respondents.
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES
1. Open- Ended
Respondents are forced to answer the
questions asked in the questionnaire
Best suited for qualitative study
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES
2. Closed- Ended
also referred as guided response
type, closed form or restricted
Respondents are guided in answering
questions
Options may be provided like in
multiple choice test while answers are
based on the rating scales provided.
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
II. INTERVIEW
Involve face to face contact between the
interviewee and the interviewer
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
1. Structured Interview
there is a set of carefully prepared
questions and their expected
answers are provided
2. Unstructured Interview
Respondents are free to express thier
opinions
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
III. OBSERVATION
may be defined as perceiving data
through the sense of sight, hearing, taste,
touch and smell.
Sense of sight is the most important and
most used
most direct way and most widely used in
studying behavior
 COMMONLY USED
INSTRUMENTS
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
1. Formal Observation
A researcher makes a guide on what to
observe. Possible responses may also be
outlined
2. Informal Observation
Needs critical evaluation of the
observation made to avoid biased
results
 QUALITIES OF GOOD
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
1. Validity
a degree of to which measuring
instruments measure what it intends to
measure.
 QUALITIES OF GOOD
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
2. Reliability
Extent to which the instrument is
dependable, self- consistent and stable.
Consistency of respondents from to
moment
Even a person takes the same test twice,
the test yields the same results
 QUALITIES OF GOOD
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3. USABILITY
otherwise known as Practicability
A degree to which the research instrument
can be satisfactorily used.
It may be determined thru:
ease of administration
ease of scoring
ease of interpretation
low cost
proper mechanical make up
 STATISTICS
A science which deals with the
systematic process of collecting,
organizing, classifying, presenting,
interpreting and analyzing data.
 THESIS FORMAT
Preliminary Pages
a. Title Page
b. Approval Sheet
c. Acknowledgement
d. Dedication
e. Table of Contents
f. List of tables
g. List of figures
h. Abstract
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Present the problem. What the problem
is all about
Rational or reasons for conducting the
study
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Setting of the Study
Locality of the study.
Place where the study is to be
conducted
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Theoretical/ Conceptual framework
Theoretical/ conceptual foundation of
the study
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Statement of the Problem
General and specific statement of the
problem determined in the study
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Assumption or Hypothesis
Self- evident truth based upon known
fact or phenomenon ( Assumption)
Tentative conclusions or answer to
specific questions ( Hypothesis)
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Significance of the Study
Contribution of the result of the study to
individuals, institutions, administrators,
society etc.
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Boundaries in terms of time, sample
location ( Scope)
Weakness of the study beyond the
control of the researcher ( Limitation)
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Definition of Terms
It can be lexical or operational
definition or combination thereof of
different terms used in the study which
are arranged alphabetically.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Foreign Literature
Published articles from foreign
countries
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Local Literature
Locally published articles
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Foreign Studies
Foreign unpublished articles
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Local Studies
Locally unpublished articles
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Synthesis
Relevance of literature and studies to
the present research.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Research Method
Brief description and limitation of the
research method used in study
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Population and Sampling Scheme
Brief presentation of the entire
population of the study and the type of
sampling techniques used in selecting
sample respondents
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Description of the Respondents
Contains detailed description of
respondents as to age , sex, marital
status, nature of employment etc.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Research Instruments
Explanation on how the instrument was
validated
Instrument is tested on individual who
are knowledgeable of the subject matter
but are not part of the respondents of
the study
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Procedures in Gathering Data
Contain the steps by steps procedures
used by the researcher in reaching the
respondents in order to gather data
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Statistical Treatment
Contains discussion on the statistics
used in consonance with the specific
problem and hypothesis to be tested.
 CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Contains the answer to all sub- problems
of the study
Answers to the problems are stated one by
one according to the arrangement of sub-
problem for clarity and understanding.
Answers are presented in textual and
tabular forms.
Textual explanations come after the table
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The introductory paragraph should contain
the summary of the statement of the
problem, hypothesis as well as research
design
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Contains the specific findings/ result of
the study
Presented as they were organized and
categorized in the sub- problems of the
study
Written in past tense
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Written in present tense
Should be based on the findings of the study
Logical and valid outgrowth of the findings
Should not contain any numerals from the
findings
Organized and categorized according to sub-
problem
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations
An appeal to people or institutions
concern to solve the problem discovered in
the study
No recommendations that will be made
for problem that were not discovered in
the study
Practical and attainable