Cometa, Manuel Jesus

Ablan, Leo Andrie O.

Dacuya, Melody C.
Music is an art that deals with sound.

Musical Instrument
a mechanism that is able to generate musical
vibrations and launch them in the air.
Properties
of
Musical
Sound
Pitch
All musical sound have pitch.
The location of a tone in the musical scale in relation to high or
low.
Highness or lowness of tune.
Is determined by the rate of vibration which to a large extent
depends on the length of the vibrating body.
Duration
This property of sound depends on the length of time over which
vibration is maintained.
Tones are not high or low but also short and long.

Volume
Force or percussive efforts as a result of which the tone strikes us as
being loud or soft.
Forte = Loud
Piano = Soft
Timbre of Tone Color
This is the quality of sound produced by other instruments.
This depends on how the instrument accentuates the
overtones within the sound wave.
Rang
e
The range of an instrument has to do with the total
number of tones it can produce from highest to lowest.

Determined largely by the size of the instrument.

 Four Basic Areas:
Soprano High Female
Alto Low Female
Tenor High Male
Bass Low Male
Each range is divided into 3 registers: Lea Salonga, a pinay soprano
singer and Jed Madela, a
High Basscon notable tenor are some of the
Middle Violin singers in the Philippines,
truly Pinoy Pride.
Low - Trumpet
 Two
Mediums of
Music
1. Vocal Medium
The oldest and still most popular of all instruments is the
human voice.
Most personal and direct of all instrument.
The song projected by the human voice is the most natural
form of music.
There are 2 types of Vocal Medium:
Types of
Vocal
Medium
Vocal Qualities

Voices are also classified according to their timbre

or quality of sound.
There are 10 types:
Types of
Vocal
Qualities
Coluratura Soprano - is the highest and lightest of all voices.
Lyric Soprano is less high and flute-like and usually sings less ornamental
music.
Dramatic Soprano is heavier and can convey intense emotions in dramatic
situations.
Mezzo-Soprano is between the soprano and contralto in quality and range.
Contralto - is low and rich in quality.
Tenor is the highest type in mens voices.
Lyric Tenor like the Lyric Soprano, it has a voice especially suited to sweet
songlike melodies.
Dramatic Tenor has a heavier voice and is capableof conveying intense
emotions like the Dramatic Soprano.
Baritone has a range between tenor and bass.
Bass has the lowest and deepest quality.
The Different
Musical
Instruments
( The second medium of Music)
 Musical instruments are of 3 main types:
Instruments that are bowed
Instruments which are blown
Instruments which are strucked

These in turn are divided into four groupings:

The instruments that are bowed are the strings.
The instruments that are struck are called percussion
instruments.
The instruments that are blown fall into two groups:
Brass
Woodwinds
 The
String
Instrume
nt
Provide the basic orchestral sounds.
They produce tones but means of the vibration of a
stretched string.
Known as the Heart of the Orchestra.
There are types of playing the string instrument:
Legato smooth and connected
Staccato - short and detahed
Pizzicato plucked
Spiccato short crisp strokes of the bow
Saltallato bouncing the bow on the string to produe light detached tones.
Martellato hammering the bow to quiver on the string.
Tremolo making the bow quiver to produce shimmering effect.
Glissando Moves the finger of the left hand rapidly along the string.
There are two types of string instruments:
Bowed strings
Plucked strings
Bowe
d
String
s
Produces tone by means of a bow of horsehair drawn across
the strings.
These have four strings which are made to vibrate by
drawing a bow across them.
The hair of the bow is rubbed with rosin so that it will grip
the strings.
The bowed strings include the:
Violin
Viola
Violoncello
Double Bass
Types of Bowed
Strings
Violin
is the highest member of the string section of the
orchestra.
It has a wide range of tones which can be sustained
indefinitely.
It can be played very quietly or loudly, very slowly or
extremely fast.
Viola
Is slightly larger than the violin.
Its strings are longer, thicker and heavier.
It is lower in range.
It is used more for harmony than melody.
Difference Between
Viola and Violin
Violoncello
Properly known as cello, is much larger than the viola.
Lower in range, thicker and heavier than the viola.
The bow is shorter and heavier.
The instrument has to be held between the knee of the
seated performer.
Double Bass
Also known as the contrabass, is the largest member of the string
family.
It is the lowest in range of the string group.
It rests upon the floor, and the performer stands up to play it.
It is often used as a support, supplying bass tones for the string
choir or orchestra.
Plucked
Strings
The player plucks the strings either with his fingers or with a plectrum
held in his hand. This is known as pizzicato.
The guitar family seems to be the most popular stringed instrument.
Varies in shape, and number of strings, but basically, it consists of a fret board.
Seldom used in orchestra but frequently in jazz bands.
There are other pucked strings which are seldom. This
includes:
Banjo
Mandolin
Ukelele
 The
Woodwind
Instruments
This instrument consists of 4 families which includes the :
Flute and Piccolo
Oboe and English Horn
Clarinet and Bass Clarinet
Bassoon and Contrabassoon
Produces sound by blowing, alters the pitch of the notes by
shortening or lengthening the column of air vibrating inside the
instrument.
Also the most decorated instruments.
Prominent in orchestra and widely used in chamber music.
Types of Woodwind
Instruments
Flute
The first instrument of the woodwinds in the order of ceremonies.
A cylindrical tube made of silver alloy or metal.
The sound is silvery or liquid.
Its tone is cool and velvety in low register.
In high register, the sound is bright and thin.
Piccolo
Is a smaller flute, produces the highest note in the orchestra.
Tones produced are piercing and shrill.
Oboe
Is made of wood, the body of the tube gets wider in the end.
It has a double reed that consists of 2 slips of cane so shaped as to leave
between them an extremely small passage of air.
The tone is focused and intense in all registers.
Timbre is described as plaintive, nasal, and reedy.
English Horn
Is a large oboe.
Wider,longer than an oboe, also ends in a pear-shaped bell.
Soft, somewhat mourniful timbre.
Range is slightly lower than that of the oboe.
Sound is richer and more plaintive.
Clarinet
Instrument that often takes part of the violin in band music.
It has a single reed, a small elastic piece of cane fastened against its chisel-
shaped mouthpiece.
Remarkably wide range from low to high and from soft to loud.
Produces three distinct tone colors:
Upper Range Clear and Powerful
Middle Register Smooth and Relaxed
Lower Register Rich and Hollow
Bassoon and Contrabassoon
Are the Tenor and Bass of the Oboe Family.
The bassoon is one of the most flexible and useful of the bass instruments.
Capable of a hollow-sounding staccato and wide leaps that create humorous
effect.
Highly expansive instrument.
Tone is:
Low Register weighty and thick
Middle Register dry and sonorous
Upper Register reedy and intense
Bassoon
Contrabassoon
Saxophone
Has a single reed that combines the reed mouthpiece of a
clarinet with a curved conical metal tube.
Blends with either woodwind or brass.
 The Brass
Instrument
Have been regularly used in many countries.
Indispensable for their ability to:
Play very loudly
For melody
For sustaining harmony
For rhythmic accent
For flamelike sonority they ontribute to climaxes
Has cup-shaped mouthpieces (except for horn).
Produces sound by blowing into the mouthpiece, varying
the note by altering the tension of the lips.
Types of Brass Instrument
Trumpet
Possesses a firm and brillant timbre.
Often associated with martial pomp and vigor or battle calls.
If played softly, produces a lovely round tune.
The muted sound is made by inserting the mute. It is much used.
Horn
Generally called the French Horn.
Normally has a smooth, mellow tone, but can be made to sound
brassy.
Timbre blends equally well with woodwinds, brass, and strings.
It is a versatile instrument because it has a wide range and can be
loud or soft, lyrical or dramatic.
Trombone
Italian word that means large instrument.
Tone is rich and mellow.
Two kinds:
Tenor
Bass
Can play softly, but it is more often used to achieve effect of
nobility and grandeur.
Tuba
Bass of the brass choir.
Furnishes the foundation for the harmonic fabric.
Sound is rather like the bass trombone, but fuller, richer,
and more powerful.
Cornet
Brass-wind instrument of the trumpet family.
Used in orchestras, bands, and brass bands.
Larger than the trumpet.
Shorter body and possesses greater agility.
Tone is rounder but less brilliant than the trumpet.
The Percussion
Instruments
Instruments that made to sound by hitting them with special
sticks, or by striking or shaking their parts together.
Some are made of metal or wood.
2 categories:
Definite pitch
Indefinite pitch
 Types of
Percussion
Instruments
(Definite Pitch)
Kettledrum
Also called as timpani.
Used in sets two or three.
Hemisphere copper shell, across which is a stretched head of
calfskin held place by a metal ring.
Played with two padded sticks, either soft or hard.
Dynamic range extends from a mysterious rumble to a thunderous
roll.
Glokenspiel
German for a set of bells.
Consists of horizontal tuned plates of various sizes, made of steel.
Striked with mallets, producing bright metallic sounds.
Xylophone
Consists of tuned blocks of wood.
Produces a dry, crisp timbre when stuck.
One example is the marimba, a xylophone of African and South
American origin.
Often associated with dance music.
Xylophone with a resonator.
Small tubes under the wooden bass resonate sound.
Marimba
 Types of
Percussion
Instruments
(Indefinite Pitch)
Brass Cymbals
Some of the finest traditional gongs and china-type
cymbals, and nearly all zills, are made from brass.
Most brass cymbals are toy or beginners cymbals.
Chimes
Consist of a set of tuned metal tubes of various lengths
attached to a frame and struck with a hammer.
Has broad dynamic range, from a metallic tinkle to a
sonorous clang.
Used to simulate church bells.
Harp
Said to be one of the oldest musical instruments.
Earliest form appeared in the Babylonian inscriptions several
thousand years ago.
Almost extinct today.
It survives in the modern orchestra, as a supporting instrument
most of the time.
Strings are played by plucking, producing crystalline tone that
blends well with the orchestral timbres.
Pedals are used to shorten strings, thereby rasing the pitch.
Chords on harp are played in broken form.
Tones are sounded one after another.
Keyboard Instruments
Operated by means of keyboard.
Consists of series of black and white keys.
When the performer depresses a key, a tone sounds.
Keyboard instruments produce tones in a variety of ways.
Normally included with percussion group, but;
Constitute a special set which may be considered separately.
Types of Keyboard
Instrument
Piano
The most popular and most widespread of all the instruments.
Basically a string instrument which the strings are struck by
hammers attached to a keyboard.
Widely used at home, in small orchestras, and dance bands.
Has the ability to sound several tones simultaneously.
Has the capacity to present complex musical structures.
An indispensable instrument for accompaniment.
Organ
Is a wind instrument whose sound are made by air forced through
pipes.
Pipes are controlled by two or more keyboard and a set of pedals.
On the modern organ, gradations in the volume of tone are made
possible by means of small boxes.
Capable of sustaining tones indefinitely.
Nowadays, electronic organ is commonly used.
Sound is produced not by wind but by electrical oscillators.
Electric Organ
Celesta
Appearance resembles a miniature upright piano.
Kind of glockenspiel that is operated by a keyboard.
The steel plates are struck by small hammers producing bell-like
tones.
Combination
s of
Instruments
The instruments mentioned above are most commonly found only in
Western countries but also in the Philippines due to its contact in the
Western nations.
Composer uses them in any combination as he wishes, but:
Certain combinations- or ensembles as they are usually called in music have been
found out to be particularly satisfying and consequently commonly used.
Ensemble
Mediums
When two or more performers are equally engaged in
playing or singing a piece of music, the medium is called the
ensemble, and the music is called the ensemble music.

Instrumental ensembles exist in almost infinite

combinations.
Types of
Ensemble
Orchestra
Most spetacular of ensembles.
Composed of any sizable group of instrumental performers usually
the direction of a conductor.
May vary in size from a relatively small groups to an ensemble of
hundred or more players.
Also number orf instruments varies to the demands of the music.
Is constituted with a view of securing the balance of tone.
Performers divided into 4 sections:
In large orchestras, approximately:
Two-thirds string players
One-third wind players
Three to Five men percussion players
In a modern orchestra:
34 violins are divided into two groups: first and second
Each group functions as a unit and plays a part distinct from the rest.
In the woodwind setion, one player of the principal instrument doubles with
another related instrument.
Certain works call for a larger brass section with additional horns as one or more
extra trumpets.
Included 2 harps, and for certain contemporary scores, a piano.
Instruments are arranged to secure effective blending and contrast.
Symphony Orchestra
Large ensemble which includes all the principal instrumental types.
Modern symphony orchestra has about 100 players, but may vary depending
on the kind of music.
Composed of 4 sections corresponding to the 4 instrumental groupings:
String Section
Woodwind Section
Brass Section
Percussion Section
Each of these sections has at least one instrument which falls into
each of the four basic ranges:
Soprano
Alto
Tenor
Bass
Concerto
Form written for orchestra and usually one solo instrument (piano, violin, etc)
is given a prominent role in music.
Example is Luciano Pavarottis concert on the night of March 21, 1994 at the
PICC Plenary Hall, Manila.
Luciano Pavarotti: the 58-year old world renowned Italian Tenor, also hailed as
King of the high Cs.
Pavarotti was ably assisted in the two-and-a-half hour concert by the Philippine
Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Pavarottis own conductor Leone
Magiera, and Italian flutist Andrea Griminelli.
Luciano Pavarotti (left) and the Philippine Philharmonic
Orchestra (right)
Band
Instrumental ensemble, large like orchestra but mainly or
exclusively of wind and percussion instruments.
Although closely associated with outdoor events, it is also used as
a concert ensemble.
Rondalla
Best known instrumental group in the Philippines today.
Band made up mostly of stringed instruments:
Banduria Assumes lead part and plays the melody
Laud and Octavina Carries alto and contrapuntal parts
Piccolo plays ornamental passages, tuned above the banduria
Guitarra and the Bajo gives solidarity to the rhythm and support to the
harmony
Some percussion instruments have found their way into the
rondalla to add color and varied tonal rhythmic effects.
Mixed Ensembles
Includes instruments and voices.
Some musical types:
Opera
Oratorio
Cantata
Mass
Requiem Mass
Symphonies that employ vocal soloists
Chorus
Orchestra
Made their appearance in the twentieth century.
Chamber Orchestra
Term is applied to small instrumental ensembles in which there are
only a few performers for a part.
In a category of ensemb;e between a chamber ensemble and the
full orchestra.
Chamber Ensemble
Chamber music is a medium which calls for only a few performers
(from two to about eight or nine instruments) with one player to
each part.
Most common chamber music ensembles are:
1. Solo Sonata
Music written for a solo instrument *violin, cello, flute, oboe, horn, etc.).
With accompaniment of the piano or harpsichord.
2. String Quartet
Most common medium of chamber music.
Consists of:
2 Violins
1 Viola
1 Cello
When piano replaces one of the four instruments, the ensemble is
called a piano quartet.
3. Duos, Trios, Quintets, and Other
May consist of any combination of instruments, including strings, woodwinds, brass,
keyboard, and percussion instruments.
Music in which instruments have equal importance:
Duo 2
Trio 3
Quintet 5
Sextet 6
Septet 7
Octet 8
Nonet - 9
One example is the Tajanlangit Family Octave.
Plays various instruments such as acoustic piano, electric piano, string
ensemble, castanets, gourd, lyre, maracas, melodions, tambourine, trumpets and
trombones, guitars, and electric base guitars.
During a show, they swap instruments in-between numbers as they shift from
ballad, to rock to pop, mixing traditional instruments with the electric organs and
synthesizers in a two-hour show.
Tajanlangit Family Octave
Others
Very interesting musical ensembles in the Philippines is the Pangkat or Bandang Kawayan
composed of instruments made from bamboo. Among these are:
Bumbong Single-note
Talunggating - Native marimba
Tipangklung Bamboo harp
Gabbang Patterned after the Muslim-type xylophone
Tulali Bamboo flute
Bungkaka Bamboo clapper
Kalatok Bamboo knockers
 The
Conductor
Is the director of the orchestra.
Has to know every detail of the music and be able to
give the most precise directions with his baton and
hands.
Nov Daypalan Negros born
alumnus of the University of the
Philippines (UP) College of
Music, made his conducting
debut at Carnegie Hall in New
York on Feb.3