Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Z-transforms
Prof. Brian L. Evans
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
15 - 2
Region of Convergence
Region of the complex z- Four possibilities (z=0 is
plane for which forward a special case and may
z-transform converges or may not be included)
Im{z} Im{z}
Entire Disk
plane Re{z} Re{z}
Im{z} Im{z}
Intersection
Complement of a disk and
of a disk Re{z} complement Re{z}
of a disk
15 - 3
Z-transform Pairs
h[n] = [n] h[n] = an u[n]
0
H [ z ] n z n z n 1
a u n z
n
n
H [ z] n
n n 0
n
Region of convergence: n
a
entire z-plane a z n n
n 0 n 0 z
1 a
h[n] = [n-1]
a
if 1
1 1 z
H [ z ] n 1 z n 1 z n z 1
n
z
n n 1
15 - 4
Stability
Rule #1: For a causal sequence, poles are inside
the unit circle (applies to z-transform functions
that are ratios of two polynomials)
Rule #2: More generally, unit circle is included
in region of convergence. (In continuous-time,
the imaginary axis would be in the region of
convergence of the Laplace transform.)
Z 1
a u n
n
1
for z a
1 a z
This is stable if |a| < 1 by rule #1.
It is stable if |z| > |a| and |a| < 1 by rule #2.
15 - 5
Inverse z-transform
c j
1
f n F z z n 1
dz
2j c j
A1
1 2 z 1 z 2
1 4 4
9 Solve for A1 and A2
1 z 1 z 1 2
1 2
1 2 z 1 z 2 1 2 1
A2 8
1 1
1 z 1
2 z 1 1 2
15 - 8
Example (cont)
Express X[z] in terms of B0, A1, and A2
9 8
X [ z] 2
1 1 1 z 1
1 z
2
Use table to obtain inverse z-transform
n
1
x n 2 n 9 u n 8 u n
2
With the unilateral z-transform, or the bilateral
z-transform with region of convergence, the
inverse z-transform is unique
15 - 9
Z-transform Properties
Linearity [Lathi, Section 5.1]
a1 f1 n a2 f 2 n a1 F1 z a2 F2 z
f n m u n m z m F z
m
f n m u n z F z z
m m
f n z n
n 1
15 - 10
Z-transform Properties
f1 n f 2 n f m f n m
1 2
Convolution definition
m
Z f1 n f 2 n Z f1 m f 2 n m Take z-transform
m
n
f1 m f 2 n m z Z-transform definition
n m
f m f n m z
m
1
n
2
n
Interchange summation
f m f r z
m
1
r
2
r m
Substitute r = n - m
f1 mz m
f 2 r z r Z-transform definition
m r
F1 z F2 z
15 - 11
Example
g n n u n u n 6
n u n n u n 6
n u n n 6 u n 6 6 u n 6
z 1 z 1 z
G z 6 6
z 1 z z 1 z z 1
2 6 2
z 1 6
z 1 2 z 5 z 1 2 z 5 z 1
z5
5
z
1
z 1 6
z z 1 2 z 5 z 1 2 z 1 z 5 z 1
z6 6z 5
5
z z 1
2
15 - 12